This study examined the relationships between organizational justice and withdrawal outcomes and whether emotional exhaustion was a mediator of these linkages. Data were obtained from 869 military ...personnel and civil servants; using structural equation modelling techniques, we examined an integrative model that combines justice and stress research. Our findings suggest that individuals' justice perceptions are related to their psychological health. As predicted, emotional exhaustion mediated the linkages between distributive and interpersonal (but not procedural and informational) justice and individuals' withdrawal reactions. Results showed that distributive and interpersonal justice negatively related to emotional exhaustion and emotional exhaustion negatively related to organizational commitment which, in turn, negatively influenced turnover intentions. These findings were observed even when controlling for the presence of contingent‐reward behaviours provided by supervisors and individuals' psychological empowerment.
The capability to correctly recognize collective emotion expressions i.e., emotional aperture (EA) is crucial for effective social and work-related interactions. Yet, little remains known about the ...antecedents of this ability. The present study therefore aims to shed new light onto key aspects that may promote or diminish an individual's EA. We examine the role of age for this ability in an online sample of 181 participants (with an age range of 18-72 years, located in Germany), and we investigate agreeableness as a key contingency factor. Among individuals with lower agreeableness, on the one hand, our results indicate a curvilinear relationship between age and EA, such that EA remains at a relatively high level until these individuals' middle adulthood (with a slight increase until their late 30s) and declines afterward. Individuals with higher agreeableness, on the other hand, exhibit relatively high EA irrespective of their age. Together, these findings offer new insights for the emerging literature on EA, illustrating that specific demographic and personality characteristics may jointly shape such collective emotion recognition.
A new synthetic route to complexes of the cationic N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand 2 has been developed by the attachment of a cationic pentamethylcyclopentadienylruthenium (RuCp*+) fragment to a ...metal‐coordinated benzimidazol‐2‐ylidene ligand. The coordination chemistry and the steric and electronic properties of the cationic carbene were investigated in detail by experimental and theoretical methods. X‐ray structures of three carbene–metal complexes were determined. The cationic ligand 2 is a poorer overall electron donor relative to the related neutral carbene, which is evident from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and IR measurements.
Widening our knowledge: The properties and reactions of the cationic N‐heterocyclic carbene A are reported (see scheme), including the formation of transition‐metal complexes. X‐ray structural, electrochemical, and vibrational data indicate that A is an electron‐poor carbene. Two additional synthetic approaches to the complexes of ligand A are presented.
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has been meanwhile observed for many dye classes and particularly for fluorophores containing propeller-like groups. Herein, we report on the AIE characteristics of ...a series of four hydrophobic pyrrolidinylvinylquinoxaline (PVQ) derivatives with phenyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, and methoxythienyl substituents used to systematically vary the torsion angle between this substituent at the quinoxaline C2 position and the planar PVQ moiety. These molecules, which are accessible via four- or five-component one-pot syntheses, were spectroscopically studied in organic solvents and solvent–water mixtures, as dye aggregates, solids, and entrapped in polystyrene particles (PSP). Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements revealed a strong fluorescence enhancement for all dyes in ethanol–water mixtures of high water content, accompanying the formation of dye aggregates with sizes of a few hundred nm, overcoming polarity and H-bonding-induced fluorescence quenching of the charge-transfer-type emission of these PVQ dyes. The size and shape of these dye aggregates and the size of the AIE effect are controlled by the water content and the substituent-dependent torsion angle that influences the nucleation process and the packing of the molecules during aggregation. Staining of 1 μm-sized carboxy-functionalized PSP with the PVQ dyes resulted also in a considerable increase in the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime, reflecting the combined influence of the restricted molecular motion and the reduced polarity of the dye microenvironment.
Straightforward syntheses of selected non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) with the anions tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, ...tetracyanoborate, and methyl sulfate were developed. The viscosity and the density of these ionic liquids were measured at various temperatures. The dissociation rate of the ionic liquid, the sizes of the cation and the anion, and the nature of the inter-ionic interaction are not influenced by deuteration, but viscosity is. All deuterated ionic liquids possess a higher viscosity and density in comparison to non-deuterated ones. The explanation of this phenomenon is given and discussed based on the modified Stokes-Einstein equation with a parameter which reflects the mass of the diffused particles. This new knowledge supports the recent development of novel low viscous inert ionic liquids which are of particular interest for the application in energy conversion devices. Deuterated ionic liquids are valuable media for the investigation of chemical reactions, natural products, and bio-materials by means of the NMR spectroscopy.
2-Substituted 3-ethynylquinoxalines can be rapidly synthesized in generally excellent yields by a consecutive four-component synthesis starting from electron-rich π-nucleophiles, oxalyl chloride, ...terminal alkynes, and 1,2-diaminoarenes. The title compounds are highly fluorescent with a pronounced emission solvatochromism. The photophysical properties and electronic structure were additionally corroborated by computations on the DFT level of theory.
Highly Brønsted-acidic boron trifluoride monohydrate, a widely used 'super acid-catalyst', is a colourless fuming liquid that releases BF3 at room temperature. Com-pared to the liquid com-ponents, ...i.e. boron trifluoride monohydrate and 1,4-dioxane, their 1:1 adduct, BF3H2O·C4H8O2, is a solid with pronounced thermal stability (m.p. 401-403 K). The crystal structure of the long-time-stable easy-to-handle and weighable com-pound is reported along with new preparative aspects and the results of 1H, 11B, 13C and 19F spectroscopic investigations, particularly documenting its high Brønsted acidity in aceto-nitrile solution. The remarkable stability of solid BF3H2O·C4H8O2 is attributed to the chain structure established by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds of exceptional strength {O2⋯H1-O1 O⋯O = 2.534 (3) Å and O1-H1⋯O3i 2.539 (3) Å in the concatenating unit >O2⋯H1-O1-H2⋯O3i<}, taking into account the mol-ecular (non-ionic) character of the structural moieties. Indirectly, this structural feature documents the outstanding acidification of the H2O mol-ecule bound to BF3 and reflects the super acid nature of BF3H2O. In detail, the C 2 2(7) zigzag chain system of hydrogen bonding in the title structure is characterized by the double hydrogen-bond donor and double (κO,κO') hydrogen-bond acceptor functionality of the aqua ligand and dioxane molecule, respectively, the almost equal strength of both hydrogen bonds, the approximatety linear arrangement of the dioxane O atoms and the two neighbouring water O atoms. Furthermore, the approximately planar arrangement of B, F and O atoms in sheets perpendicular to the c axis of the ortho-rhom-bic unit cell is a characteristic structural feature.Highly Brønsted-acidic boron trifluoride monohydrate, a widely used 'super acid-catalyst', is a colourless fuming liquid that releases BF3 at room temperature. Com-pared to the liquid com-ponents, i.e. boron trifluoride monohydrate and 1,4-dioxane, their 1:1 adduct, BF3H2O·C4H8O2, is a solid with pronounced thermal stability (m.p. 401-403 K). The crystal structure of the long-time-stable easy-to-handle and weighable com-pound is reported along with new preparative aspects and the results of 1H, 11B, 13C and 19F spectroscopic investigations, particularly documenting its high Brønsted acidity in aceto-nitrile solution. The remarkable stability of solid BF3H2O·C4H8O2 is attributed to the chain structure established by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds of exceptional strength {O2⋯H1-O1 O⋯O = 2.534 (3) Å and O1-H1⋯O3i 2.539 (3) Å in the concatenating unit >O2⋯H1-O1-H2⋯O3i<}, taking into account the mol-ecular (non-ionic) character of the structural moieties. Indirectly, this structural feature documents the outstanding acidification of the H2O mol-ecule bound to BF3 and reflects the super acid nature of BF3H2O. In detail, the C 2 2(7) zigzag chain system of hydrogen bonding in the title structure is characterized by the double hydrogen-bond donor and double (κO,κO') hydrogen-bond acceptor functionality of the aqua ligand and dioxane molecule, respectively, the almost equal strength of both hydrogen bonds, the approximatety linear arrangement of the dioxane O atoms and the two neighbouring water O atoms. Furthermore, the approximately planar arrangement of B, F and O atoms in sheets perpendicular to the c axis of the ortho-rhom-bic unit cell is a characteristic structural feature.
3-Aminovinylquinoxalines are readily accessible from (hetero)aryl glyoxylic acids or heterocyclic π-nucleophiles by consecutive four- and five-component syntheses in the sense of an ...activation-alkynylation-cyclocondensation-addition sequence or glyoxylation-alkynylation-cyclocondensation-addition sequence in good yields. The title compounds are highly fluorescent with pronounced emission solvatochromicity and protochromic fluorescence quenching. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy furnishes radiative and nonradiative fluorescence decay rates in various solvent polarities. The electronic structure is corroborated by DFT and TD-DFT calculations rationalizing the observed spectroscopic effects.
The compound class of 3‐arylpropynylidene indolones, key intermediates in consecutive three‐component syntheses of various indole‐based chromophores with peculiar emission characteristics, are ...readily synthesized by a domino insertion–coupling synthesis with an electronically diverse substitution pattern in moderate to excellent yields. The title compounds are formed in E/Z‐ratios from 100:0 to 0:100. Besides structure elucidation by NMR‐spectroscopy and X‐ray structure analysis, DFT calculations have been employed to rationalize the observed stereoselectivity. The photophysical properties of 3‐arylpropynylidene indolones are characterized by intense, tunable, solid‐state emission of N‐substituted derivatives as quantified for drop‐cast films. The electronic ground state structure was corroborated by DFT and TD‐DFT calculations, showing that gradient‐corrected exchange and correlation PBE (Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof) functionals can be successfully employed to correctly reproduce the observed absorption characteristics of merocyanine derivatives. The huge Stokes shifts strongly depend on the electronic substitution pattern as supported by Hammett–Taft correlations.
Fluorescent dominos! The compound class of 3‐arylpropynylidene indolones are readily synthesized by a domino insertion–coupling synthesis with a broad scope in moderate to excellent yields (E/Z‐ratios from 100:0 to 0:100). The photophysical properties are characterized by intense, tunable, solid‐state emission of N‐substituted derivatives as quantified from drop‐cast films. The electronic ground state structure was corroborated by DFT and TD‐DFT calculations with PBE (Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof) functionals that correctly reproduce the observed absorption characteristics of merocyanine derivatives. The huge Stokes shifts correlate with the electronic substitution pattern as supported by Hammett–Taft correlations.
PDF
