According to developed algorithm and calculating scheme the calculations of ground freezing depth variations for observation sites of meteorological stations of Moscow region (Mozhaysk, Kolomna) were ...performed on basis of meteorological data on air temperature and snow cover thickness for winter periods of 1988/89-2018/19. The comparison of calculated and available in open access observation data on ground freezing depth for these winter periods was also conducted and indicated good correspondence. The calculating scheme for ground freezing is constructed on basis of three layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, frozen and thawed ground) with phase transition on the boundary of frozen and unfrozen ground. Heat balance equation includes phase transition energy, inflow of heat from unfrozen ground and outflow to frozen ground, snow cover and atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed, that temperature changes in each media linearly.
The observations of ground freezing depth in the conditions of bare soil and under natural cover have been carried out at the sites of meteorological observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University ...since the observatory’s foundation in 1954. For estimation of role of snow cover in variations of ground freezing depth the calculations of ground freezing depth were conducted using the meteorological data on air temperature and snow thickness for winter seasons of 2011/12-2018/19. The calculating scheme for ground freezing is constructed on the basis of three layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, frozen and thawed ground) with phase transition on the boundary of frozen and unfrozen ground. Heat balance equation includes phase transition energy, inflow of heat from unfrozen ground and outflow to frozen ground, snow cover and atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on the basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed, that the temperature changes in each media linearly. The comparison of calculated and observed values of ground freezing indicates good correspondence.
The study of weather and snow accumulation conditions is important because for example on basis of knowledge on temperature regime and accumulation peculiarities of snow cover the ground freezing ...depth calculations are performed. So the results of study of peculiarities of weather and snow accumulation conditions in Moscow region for winter period 2019/2020 are presented in the paper. The comparison of these data for this winter period with the previous winter periods and the long-term averaged values is also done.
The article presents some results of working out the methodology for monitoring the state of frozen rocks, which are conducted as part of observations at the Zvenigorod biological station. One of the ...methods of presenting experimental data on the dynamics of the temperature regime and the thickness of the active layer over a 3-year period of field observations is also considered. The presented data can serve to verify the predictive numerical simulation of these processes at the Zvenigorod Biological Station of Lomonosov Moscow State University. This makes it possible to use this methodology for assessing the thermal state of frozen grounds and the stability of foundations and buildings and linear constructions located on them in the conditions of the North and mountainous territories. Therefore, the presented methodology can serve as a good help for monitoring and preventing the destruction of the observed structures in the conditions of climate warming.
The paper presents an approach to the study of the structure and properties of snow cover, as well as its quantitative reserves and heterogeneities. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are ...given on the possibility of using the geo-radar method in the study of ski slopes.
The paper presents the proposed methodology of ground temperature monitoring, which can be used for geotechnical monitoring of mountainous and northern infrastructure in the areas of seasonal and ...long-term ground freezing in order to protect these infrastructure facilities from destruction due to seasonal and long-term changes in the bearing capacity of the ground.
The paper considers the problem of monitoring seasonal variations of ground temperature in northern and mountainous areas in the light of ongoing climate changes. To study seasonal variations of ...ground temperature, a model site of the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory was used with the ability to monitor air temperature, snow cover thickness, and ground freezing temperature and depth, which was a prototype of a system for monitoring the state of permafrost soils used in the Arctic and mountain territories. The paper presents the results of monitoring seasonal variations of ground temperature based on the results of numerical modelling of the propagation of seasonal fluctuations of ground temperature in 2014-2017 in MATLAB environment which are in good agreement with the thermometry data and, therefore, the developed calculation scheme shows fairly good simulation results. This makes it possible to use the calculation scheme to assess the thermal state of frozen grounds and the stability of foundations and buildings and linear constructions located on them in the conditions of the North and mountainous territories. Therefore, the presented methodology can serve as a good help for monitoring and preventing the destruction of the observed structures in the conditions of climate warming.
The paper presents a method of hydrological and hydrophysical studies to observe the propagation of a cold wave in the snow during the preparation of ski slopes by salting. Salting is used in the ...preparation of ski slopes for competitions, especially when the average daily air temperature is approaching positive levels, and during the day there is a melting of snow cover, for a short-term decrease in the temperature of the snow column and its partial freezing. The experiments were carried out in the summer of 2021 and 2022 on the Dzhanquat and Garabashi glaciers of the Caucasus. The experiments used thermal sensors and a temperature logger manufactured by LLC "MSU-Geophysics". The temperature sensors were located on a rod stuck in the snow with an interval of 5 cm. The temperature was measured every minute. With a single salting, a cold wave was observed for about 4-5 hours and with freezing of the lower strata with a decrease in the temperature of the underlying snow layers to -3--5 °C.The analysis of the observational data showed the propagation of the cold wave deep into 50-60 cm. The research method will allow us to investigate the peculiarities of the propagation of the cold wave during salting and optimize the salting process for the most effective preparation of ski slopes for competitions.
Snow study is important because snow, after the ocean, is the second largest interface between the atmosphere and Earth's surface and it covers considerable part of the land during winter. Changes in ...snow cover extent and snowpack properties in recent decades in response to warming are ongoing and will likely continue in future. Ground thermal regime, despite the simplicity of measuring the ground temperature, remains an insufficiently studied field of landscapes. For determination of air-temperature influence, snow cover thickness, absolute values and the dynamics on the depth of ground freezing and thawing, a number of ground freezing models have been developed. In this work, the calculation is done with calculating scheme for ground freezing constructed on the basis of three-layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, frozen and thawed ground) with phase transition on the boundary of frozen and unfrozen ground. The heat balance equation includes phase transition energy, inflow of heat from unfrozen ground and outflow to frozen ground, snow cover and atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed that temperature changes linearly in each media. The calculations of ground freezing depth variations are done for plain and mountain regions. The ground freezing depth calculation results correspond to the observed values. Hence, the influence of the recent climate and weather contrasts and snow cover spatial and temporal variations on underlying ground freezing depth variations are investigated and reviled. This is vital, although climatic norms between 1961–1990 and 1991–2020 did not illustrate significant changes, but some strong weather variation extremes and contrasts (such as hotness in last 2020 year and weather anomalies of this 2020/2021 winter) are present in recent decades causing danger and risks for population and economics.
One of the most disabling complications of diabetes mellitus is angiopathy of the lower extremities. Diabetic polyneuropathy and diabetic foot syndrome are closely associated with vascular ...complications of diabetes mellitus, which significantly aggravate the course of the disease and contribute to high mortality. Diabetic polyneuropathy and diabetic foot syndrome are closely associated with the diabetes mellitus vascular complications that significantly aggravate the course of the disease and contribute to high mortality. Despite the improvement in the results of pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus, the problem of treating its vascular complications is far from being solved. Traditionally, therapeutic physical training is used among the methods of non-drug treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. As a method of pathogenetic focus on many risk factors for the development of diabetes and its complications,
physical therapy exercises contribute to the correction of the syndrome of hypodynamia, obesity, and muscle atrophy. At the same time, there is insufficient data on how exercise therapy affects the quality of life of patients, functional characteristics of walking and objective indicators of blood flow in the lower extremities. This review identifies the main approaches to the application, advantages and disadvantages of individual methods of therapeutic physical training in the correction of functional disorders in patients with lower extremities diabetic angiopathies. We can currently talk about the proven safety of the physical therapy use in patients with diabetic angiopathies. Meanwhile, the scientific data on the high efficiency of this method is still insufficient.
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