Lysine fatty acylation in mammalian cells was discovered nearly three decades ago, yet the enzymes catalyzing it remain unknown. Unexpectedly, we find that human N-terminal glycine ...myristoyltransferases (NMT) 1 and 2 can efficiently myristoylate specific lysine residues. They modify ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) on lysine 3 allowing it to remain on membranes during the GTPase cycle. We demonstrate that the NAD
-dependent deacylase SIRT2 removes the myristoyl group, and our evidence suggests that NMT prefers the GTP-bound while SIRT2 prefers the GDP-bound ARF6. This allows the lysine myrisotylation-demyristoylation cycle to couple to and promote the GTPase cycle of ARF6. Our study provides an explanation for the puzzling dissimilarity of ARF6 to other ARFs and suggests the existence of other substrates regulated by this previously unknown function of NMT. Furthermore, we identified a NMT/SIRT2-ARF6 regulatory axis, which may offer new ways to treat human diseases.
Proper Golgi complex function depends on the activity of Arf1, a GTPase whose effectors assemble and transport outgoing vesicles. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) generated at the Golgi by the ...conserved PI 4-kinase Pik1 (PI4KIIIβ) is also essential for Golgi function, although its precise roles in vesicle formation are less clear. Arf1 has been reported to regulate PI4P production, but whether Pik1 is a direct Arf1 effector is not established. Using a combination of live-cell time-lapse imaging analyses, acute PI4P depletion experiments, and in vitro protein-protein interaction assays on Golgi-mimetic membranes, we present evidence for a model in which Arf1 initiates the final stages of Golgi maturation by tightly controlling PI4P production through direct recruitment of the Pik1-Frq1 PI4-kinase complex. This PI4P serves as a critical signal for AP-1 and secretory vesicle formation, the final events at maturing Golgi compartments. This work therefore establishes the regulatory and temporal context surrounding Golgi PI4P production and its precise roles in Golgi maturation.
Traffic through the Golgi complex is controlled by small GTPases of the Arf and Rab families. Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) proteins activate these GTPases to control Golgi function, yet ...the full assortment of signals regulating these GEFs is unknown. The Golgi Arf-GEF Sec7 and the homologous BIG1/2 proteins are effectors of the Arf1 and Arl1 GTPases. We demonstrate that Sec7 is also an effector of two Rab GTPases, Ypt1 (Rab1) and Ypt31/32 (Rab11), signifying unprecedented signaling crosstalk between GTPase pathways. The molecular basis for the role of Ypt31/32 and Rab11 in vesicle formation has remained elusive. We find that Arf1, Arl1, and Ypt1 primarily affect the membrane localization of Sec7, whereas Ypt31/32 exerts a dramatic stimulatory effect on the nucleotide exchange activity of Sec7. The convergence of multiple signaling pathways on a master regulator reveals a mechanism for balancing incoming and outgoing traffic at the Golgi.
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•Sec7 is an effector of the Ypt1 (Rab1) and Ypt31/32 (Rab11) GTPases•Ypt1 mediates recruitment of Sec7 to the TGN•Ypt31/32 dramatically stimulates Sec7 activity•Ypt31/32 levels peak during Sec7-dependent cargo-sorting events
Trafficking at the Golgi relies on Arf and Rab GTPases, where Arfs regulate outgoing traffic and Rabs regulate incoming traffic. McDonold and Fromme show that two Rab proteins, Ypt1 (Rab1) and Ypt31/32 (Rab11), directly regulate the Arf1 GEF/activator, Sec7, and shed light on Arf and Rab pathway coordination and crosstalk.
Arf GTPases are key regulators of both retrograde and anterograde traffic at the Golgi complex. The Golgi-localized Arf activators, Arf-GEFs (guanine exchange factor) of the BIG/GBF family, are ...poorly understood in terms of both their regulatory and localization mechanisms. We have performed a detailed kinetic characterization of a functional Golgi Arf-GEF, the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized Sec7 protein from yeast. We demonstrate that Sec7 is regulated by both autoinhibition and positive feedback. We show that positive feedback arises through the stable recruitment of Sec7 to membranes via its HDS1 domain by interaction with its product, activated Arf1. This interaction mediates localization of Sec7 to the TGN, because deletion of the HDS1 domain or mutation of the HDS1 domain in combination with deletion of Arf1 significantly increases cytoplasmic localization of Sec7. Our results lead us to propose a model in which Arf-GEF recruitment is linked to Golgi maturation via Arf1 activation.
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► The Golgi Arf-GEF Sec7 is regulated by autoinhibition and positive feedback ► Positive feedback results from stable recruitment of Sec7 to the membrane surface ► Positive feedback arises through interaction between the HDS1 domain and Arf1-GTP ► The HDS1 domain and Arf1 mediate recruitment of Sec7 to the trans-Golgi network
Arf guanine exchange factors (GEFs) activate Arf GTPases, key regulators of trafficking at the Golgi complex. Richardson et al. show that the activity and localization of the Arf-GEF Sec7 is controlled through autoinhibition and positive feedback. The authors propose that active Arf1-mediated positive feedback links Arf-GEF recruitment to Golgi maturation.
Computed structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes Humphreys, Ian R; Pei, Jimin; Baek, Minkyung ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2021-Dec-10, 2021-12-10, 20211210, Letnik:
374, Številka:
6573
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Protein-protein interactions play critical roles in biology, but the structures of many eukaryotic protein complexes are unknown, and there are likely many interactions not yet identified. We take ...advantage of advances in proteome-wide amino acid coevolution analysis and deep-learning–based structure modeling to systematically identify and build accurate models of core eukaryotic protein complexes within the
proteome. We use a combination of RoseTTAFold and AlphaFold to screen through paired multiple sequence alignments for 8.3 million pairs of yeast proteins, identify 1505 likely to interact, and build structure models for 106 previously unidentified assemblies and 806 that have not been structurally characterized. These complexes, which have as many as five subunits, play roles in almost all key processes in eukaryotic cells and provide broad insights into biological function.
Rab guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) control cellular trafficking pathways by regulating vesicle formation, transport, and tethering. Rab11 and its paralogs regulate multiple secretory and ...endocytic recycling pathways, yet the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates Rab11 in most eukaryotic cells is unresolved. The large multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) II complex has been proposed to act as a GEF for Rab11 based on genetic evidence, but conflicting biochemical experiments have created uncertainty regarding Rab11 activation. Using physiological Rab-GEF reconstitution reactions, we now provide definitive evidence that TRAPPII is a bona fide GEF for the yeast Rab11 homologues Ypt31/32. We also uncover a direct role for Arf1, a distinct GTPase, in recruiting TRAPPII to anionic membranes. Given the known role of Ypt31/32 in stimulating activation of Arf1, a bidirectional cross talk mechanism appears to drive biogenesis of secretory and endocytic recycling vesicles. By coordinating simultaneous activation of two essential GTPase pathways, this mechanism ensures recruitment of the complete set of effectors needed for vesicle formation, transport, and tethering.
Phosphorylation is one of the most dynamic and widespread post‐translational modifications regulating virtually every aspect of eukaryotic cell biology. Here, we assemble a dataset from 75 ...independent phosphoproteomic experiments performed in our laboratory using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report 30,902 phosphosites identified from cells cultured in a range of DNA damage conditions and/or arrested in distinct cell cycle stages. To generate a comprehensive resource for the budding yeast community, we aggregate our dataset with the Saccharomyces Genome Database and another recently published study, resulting in over 46,000 budding yeast phosphosites. With the goal of enhancing the identification of functional phosphorylation events, we perform computational positioning of phosphorylation sites on available 3D protein structures and systematically identify events predicted to regulate protein complex architecture. Results reveal hundreds of phosphorylation sites mapping to or near protein interaction interfaces, many of which result in steric or electrostatic “clashes” predicted to disrupt the interaction. With the advancement of Cryo‐EM and the increasing number of available structures, our approach should help drive the functional and spatial exploration of the phosphoproteome.
SYNOPSIS
This study compiles a large set of independent experiments into a comprehensive phosphoproteome resource for the budding yeast community. 3D analysis of protein interaction interfaces and other strategies are used to predict functionality amongst the ≥ 40,000 reported phosphorylation events.
75 independent phosphoproteomic experiments were consolidated into a comprehensive resource of over 40,000 budding yeast phosphorylation sites.
Multiple strategies were used to infer functional phosphorylation events.
Mapping phosphorylation sites to protein interaction interfaces revealed phosphorylation sites that regulate protein‐protein interactions.
This study compiles 75 independent SILAC‐based experiments into a comprehensive phosphoproteome resource for budding yeast. 3D analysis of protein interaction interfaces and other strategies are used to predict functionality amongst the ≥ 40,000 reported phosphorylation events.
At the Golgi complex, the biosynthetic sorting center of the cell, the Arf GTPases are responsible for coordinating vesicle formation. The Arf-GEFs activate Arf GTPases and are therefore the key ...molecular decision-makers for trafficking from the Golgi. In
, three conserved Arf-GEFs function at the Golgi: Sec7, Gea1, and Gea2. Our group has described the regulation of Sec7, the
-Golgi Arf-GEF, through autoinhibition, positive feedback, dimerization, and interactions with a suite of small GTPases. However, we lack a clear understanding of the regulation of the early Golgi Arf-GEFs Gea1 and Gea2. Here we demonstrate that Gea1 and Gea2 prefer neutral over anionic membrane surfaces in vitro, consistent with their localization to the early Golgi. We illustrate a requirement for a critical mass of either Gea1 or Gea2 for cell growth under stress conditions. We show that the C-terminal domains of Gea1 and Gea2 toggle roles in the cytosol and at the membrane surface, preventing membrane binding in the absence of a recruiting interaction but promoting maximum catalytic activity once recruited. We also identify the small GTPase Ypt1 as a recruiter for Gea1 and Gea2. Our findings illuminate core regulatory mechanisms unique to the early Golgi Arf-GEFs.
Rab family GTPases are key organizers of membrane trafficking and function as markers of organelle identity. Accordingly, Rab GTPases often occupy specific membrane domains and mechanisms exist to ...prevent the inappropriate mixing of distinct Rab domains. The yeast Golgi complex can be divided into two broad Rab domains: Ypt1 (Rab1) and Ypt6 (Rab6) are present at the early/medial Golgi and sharply transition to Ypt31/32 (Rab11) at the late Golgi/
-Golgi network (TGN). This Rab conversion has been attributed to GAP cascades in which Ypt31/32 recruits the Rab-GAPs Gyp1 and Gyp6 to inactivate Ypt1 and Ypt6, respectively. Here we report that Rab transition at the TGN involves additional layers of regulation. We provide new evidence confirming the TRAPPII complex as an important regulator of Ypt6 inactivation and uncover an unexpected role of the Arf1 GTPase in recruiting Gyp1 to drive Ypt1 inactivation at the TGN. Given its established role in directly recruiting TRAPPII to the TGN, Arf1 is therefore a master regulator of Rab conversion on maturing Golgi compartments.
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) constitute hetero-oligomeric machines that catalyze multiple topologically similar membrane-remodeling processes. Although ESCRT-III ...subunits polymerize into spirals, how individual ESCRT-III subunits are activated and assembled together into a membrane-deforming filament remains unknown. Here, we determine X-ray crystal structures of the most abundant ESCRT-III subunit Snf7 in its active conformation. Using pulsed dipolar electron spin resonance spectroscopy (PDS), we show that Snf7 activation requires a prominent conformational rearrangement to expose protein-membrane and protein-protein interfaces. This promotes the assembly of Snf7 arrays with ~30 Å periodicity into a membrane-sculpting filament. Using a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches, both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that mutations on these protein interfaces halt Snf7 assembly and block ESCRT function. The architecture of the activated and membrane-bound Snf7 polymer provides crucial insights into the spatially unique ESCRT-III-mediated membrane remodeling.
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