Consumers and stakeholders are increasingly demanding that the meat industry guarantees high-quality meat products with stable and acceptable sensory and safety properties ...
Meat and meat products are a fundamental part of the human diet. The protein and vitamin content, as well as essential fatty acids, gives them an appropriate composition to complete the nutritional ...requirements. However, meat constituents are susceptible to degradation processes. Among them, the most important, after microbial deterioration, are oxidative processes, which affect lipids, pigments, proteins and vitamins. During these reactions a sensory degradation of the product occurs, causing consumer rejection. In addition, there is a nutritional loss that leads to the formation of toxic substances, so the control of oxidative processes is of vital importance for the meat industry. Nonetheless, despite lipid oxidation being widely investigated for decades, the complex reactions involved in the process, as well as the different pathways and factors that influenced them, make that lipid oxidation mechanisms have not yet been completely understood. Thus, this article reviews the fundamental mechanisms of lipid oxidation, the most important oxidative reactions, the main factors that influence lipid oxidation, and the routine methods to measure compounds derived from lipid oxidation in meat.
Vegan eggs are designed with the aim to provide a healthier and more sustainable alternative to regular eggs. The major drivers of this industry are the increasing prevalence of egg allergies, ...awareness towards environmental sustainability, and the shift to vegan diets. This study intends to discuss, for the first time, the vegan egg market, including their formulation, nutritional aspects, and some applications (i.e., mayonnaise and bakery products). Recreating the complete functionality of eggs using plant-based ingredients is very challenging due to the complexity of eggs. Current, but scarce, research in this field is focused on making mixtures of plant-based ingredients to fit specific food formulations. Nutritionally, providing vegan eggs with similar or higher nutritional value to that of eggs can be of relevance to attract health-conscious consumers. Claims such as clean labels, natural, vegan, animal-free, gluten-free, and/or cholesterol-free can further boost the position of vegan eggs in the market in the coming year. At present, this market is still in its infancy stages, and clear regulations of labeling, safety, and risk assessment are deemed mandatory to organize the sector, and protect consumers.
The control of meat quality traits constitutes an important target for any farm animal production, including cattle. Therefore, better understanding of the biochemical properties that drive muscle ...development and final outcomes constitutes one of the main challenging topics of animal production and meat science. Accordingly, this review has focused on skeletal muscle fibers in cattle and their relationships with beef qualities. It aimed to describe the chemical and structural properties of muscle fibers as well as a comprehensive review of their contractile and metabolic characteristics during the life of the animal. The existing methods for the classification of muscle fibers were reviewed, compared, and discussed. Then, the different stages of myogenesis in cattle were defined. The main factors regulating fetal and postnatal growth and the plasticity of muscle fibers were evidenced, especially the role of myostatin growth factor and the impact of nutritional factors. This review highlights that the knowledge about muscle fibers is paramount for a better understanding of how to control the muscle properties throughout the life of the animal for better management of the final eating qualities of beef. Accordingly, the associations between bovine muscle fibers and different meat eating qualities such as tenderness, pH decline, and color traits were further presented.
Traditional meat products constitute one of the ancient cultural heritages of the North African and Mediterranean countries: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Over years, people of these ...countries consumed numerous meat products in such a way that biochemical and microbial actions can take place not only to help increase the shelf life but also to enhance the flavor and nutritional quality of the products. These ethnic meat products are prepared using different animal sources, but all verified to be halal, and consumed during local events, family celebrations, or religious feasts. In this systematic review, 32 most known traditional meat products (melfouf, merguez, kofta, guedid, cured guedid, El messli, kourdass, tidkit, soudjouk/sucuk/nakanek, boubnita, pastirma, fregate, merdouma/mandi/bourdim, tafra-gara, maynama, khliaa ezir, laknaf, osbana, bnadek, khlii, kobiba, mcharmla, boubnita/membar, mkila, tehal/tehane, ban-chems, bouzelouf/zelif, klaya, douara/bekbouka/T'qalia, tangia, mrouzia, and cachir) from the five countries were documented. The main objectives of this overview were to report the traditional knowledge that covers the origin, preparation, characteristics, and consumption habits of the 32 North African traditional meat products. Moreover, the listed meat products were grouped into five categories using both traditional and scientific knowledge related to their preparation. The identified categories are (i) salted and/or marinated meat products but not dried (Category I); (ii) dried not fermented meat products (Category II); (iii) fermented semidry/dried meat products (Category III); (iv) smoked meat products (Category IV), and (v) cooked and/or candied meat products (Category V). The common eating practices of these products and the related historical and sociocultural aspects were discussed.
This study evaluated the potential of a panel of 20 protein biomarkers, quantified by Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA), to explain and predict two important meat quality traits, these being beef ...tenderness assessed by Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and the intramuscular fat (IMF) content (also termed marbling), in a large database of 188 Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Maine-Anjou cows. Thus, the main objective was to move forward in the progression of biomarker-discovery for beef qualities by evaluating, at the same time for the two quality traits, a list of candidate proteins so far identified by proteomics and belonging to five interconnected biological pathways: (i) energy metabolic enzymes, (ii) heat shock proteins (HSPs), (iii) oxidative stress, (iv) structural proteins and (v) cell death and protein binding. Therefore, three statistical approaches were applied, these being Pearson correlations, unsupervised learning for the clustering of WBSF and IMF into quality classes, and Partial Least Squares regressions (PLS-R) to relate the phenotypes with the 20 biomarkers. Irrespective of the statistical method and quality trait, seven biomarkers were related with both WBSF and IMF, including three small HSPs (CRYAB, HSP20 and HSP27), two metabolic enzymes from the oxidative pathway (MDH1: Malate dehydrogenase and ALDH1A1: Retinal dehydrogenase 1), the structural protein MYH1 (Myosin heavy chain-IIx) and the multifunctional protein FHL1 (four and a half LIM domains 1). Further, three more proteins were retained for tenderness whatever the statistical method, among which two were structural proteins (MYL1: Myosin light chain 1/3 and TNNT1: Troponin T, slow skeletal muscle) and one was glycolytic enzyme (ENO3: β-enolase 3). For IMF, two proteins were, in this trial, specific for marbling whatever the statistical method: TRIM72 (Tripartite motif protein 72, negative) and PRDX6 (Peroxiredoxin 6, positive). From the 20 proteins, this trial allowed us to qualify 10 and 9 proteins respectively as strongly related with beef tenderness and marbling in PDO Maine-Anjou cows.
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•First meta-proteomics gathering a comprehensive list of candidate biomarkers of beef tenderness.•Integration of 61 putative biomarkers of beef tenderness from 12 proteomic studies ...from the same laboratory.•Biomarkers of Longissimus thoracis and Semitendinosus muscles were grouped into 6 biological pathways.•Biological mechanisms underpinning muscle to meat conversion.•Robust biomarkers under several factors of genders, breeds, muscles and evaluation method of tenderness.
This meta-proteomics review focused on proteins identified as candidate biomarkers of beef tenderness by comparing extreme groups of tenderness using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) associated with mass spectrometry (MS). We reviewed in this integromics study the results of 12 experiments that identified protein biomarkers from two muscles, Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Semitendinosus (ST), of different types of cattle: young bulls, steers or cows from beef breeds (Charolais, Limousin, Blond d’Aquitaine), hardy breed (Salers) or mixed breed (PDO Maine-Anjou). Comparative proteomics of groups differing in their tenderness evaluated by instrumental Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) or by sensory analysis using trained panelists, revealed 61 proteins differentially abundant (P < 0.05) between tender and tough groups. A higher number of discriminative proteins was observed for LT (50 proteins) compared to ST muscle (28 proteins). The Gene Ontology annotations showed that the proteins of structure and contraction, protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis, energy metabolism, 70 family HSPs and proteasome subunits are more involved in LT tenderness than in ST. Amongst the list of candidate biomarkers of tenderness some proteins such as HSPB1 are common between the two muscles whatever the evaluation method of tenderness, but some relationships with tenderness for other proteins (MYH1, TNNT3, HSPB6) were inversed. Muscle specificities were revealed in this meta-proteomics. For example, Parvalbumin (PVALB) appeared as a robust biomarker in ST muscle whatever the evaluation method of tenderness. HSPA1B seems to be a robust candidate for LT tenderness (with WBSF) regardless the animal type. Some gender specificities were further identified including similarities between cows and steers (MSRA and HSPA9) in contrast to bulls. The comparison of the 12 proteomic studies revealed strong dissimilarities to identify generic biomarkers of beef tenderness. This integrative analysis allowed better understanding of the biological processes involved in beef tenderness in two muscles and their variations according to the main factors underlying this quality. It allowed also proposing for the first time a comprehensive list of candidate biomarkers to be evaluated deeply to validate their relationships with tenderness on a large number of cattle and breeds.
•Two-dimensional electrophoresis to characterize the organic and antibiotic-free chicken breast muscle proteome.•Discovery of protein biomarkers discriminating among chicken strains and farming ...systems.•Impact of organic farming on chicken meat proteome among two strains.•Bioinformatics to decipher the underlying biological mechanisms.
Proteomics is a key analytical method in meat research thanks to its potential in investigating the proteins at interplay in post-mortem muscles. This study aimed to characterize for the first time the differences in early post-mortem muscle proteomes of chickens raised under two farming systems: organic versus antibiotic-free. Forty post-mortem Pectoralis major muscle samples from two chicken strains (Ross 308 versus Ranger Classic) reared under organic versus antibiotic-free farming systems were characterized and compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Within antibiotic-free and organic farming systems, 14 and 16 proteins were differentially abundant between Ross 308 and Ranger Classic, respectively. Within Ross 308 and Ranger Classic chicken strains, 12 and 18 proteins were differentially abundant between organic and antibiotic-free, respectively. Bioinformatics was applied to investigate the molecular pathways at interplay, which highlighted the key role of muscle structure and energy metabolism. Antibiotic-free and organic farming systems were found to significantly impact the muscle proteome of chicken breast meat. This paper further proposes a primary list of putative protein biomarkers that can be used for chicken meat or farming system authenticity.
In recent years, considerable importance is given to the use of agrifood wastes as they contain several groups of substances that are useful for development of functional foods. As muscle foods are ...prone to lipid and protein oxidation and perishable in nature, the industry is in constant search of synthetic free additives that help in retarding the oxidation process, leading to the development of healthier and shelf stable products. The by-products or residues of pomegranate fruit (seeds, pomace, and peel) are reported to contain bioactive compounds, including phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, dietary fibre, complex polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, etc. Such compounds extracted from the by-products of pomegranate can be used as functional ingredients or food additives to harness the antioxidant, antimicrobial potential, or as substitutes for fat, and protein in various muscle food products. Besides, these natural additives are reported to improve the quality, safety, and extend the shelf life of different types of food products, including meat and fish. Although studies on application of pomegranate by-products on various foods are available, their effect on the physicochemical, oxidative changes, microbial, colour stabilizing, sensory acceptability, and shelf life of muscle foods are not comprehensively discussed previously. In this review, we vividly discuss these issues, and highlight the benefits of pomegranate by-products and their phenolic composition on human health.
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