In the present investigation, simple and eco-friendly chemical reaction for the synthesis reported on biological synthesis of nano-sized silver and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using
Hypnea ...musciformis
at room temperature along with photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye. The nanoparticles of silver were formed by the reduction of silver nitrate to aqueous silver metal ions during exposure to the extract of red alga
H
.
musciformis
. The optical properties of the obtained silver nanoparticles were characterized by applying UV–visible absorption and room temperature photoluminescence. The X-ray diffraction results revealed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were in the cubic phase. The existence of functional groups was identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology and size of the synthesized particles were studied with atomic force microscope measurements. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange was measured spectrophotometrically by using silver as nanocatalyst under visible light illumination. The results revealed that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using
H
.
musciformis
was found to be impressive in degrading methyl orange.
Pythium species are aggressive soil-borne necrotrophic oomycetes causing soft-rot disease of ginger. Disease severity indices determined following infection with P. myriotylum Drechsler in ginger ...cultivar, Zingiber officinale cv. Varada and a wild congener, Z. zerumbet at varying zoospore concentrations (10
4
-10
12
spores/ml) revealed high disease severity (100%) in ginger cultivar whereas Z. zerumbet displayed resistance. Absence of positive correlation between Z. zerumbet resistance and polyphenolic content indicates role of polyketides and zerumbone in preventing pathogen ingress, as reported earlier. Towards elucidating this, Z. zerumbet specific polyketide synthase (PKS) and terpene synthase (TPS) gene sequences designated ZzTPS and ZzPKS respectively were characterised. Phylogenetic analysis clustered ZzTPS with TPS-b sub-family and ZzPKS with non-chalcone forming PKS. ZzTPS and ZzPKS showed biphasic expression with first at 6 hours post infection (hpi) and then at 8 hpi, indicative of rapid induction followed by reinforcement to sustain resistance mechanisms in the wild taxon.
Chennai city is the fourth largest metropolis in India, is the focus of economic, social and cultural development and it is the capital of the State of Tamil Nadu. The city has a multi-dimensional ...growth in development of its infrastructures and population. The area of Chennai has experienced moderate earthquakes in the historical past. Also the Bureau of Indian Standard upgraded the seismic status of Chennai from Low Seismic Hazard (Zone II) to Moderate Seismic Hazard (Zone III)-(BIS: 1893 (2001)). In this connection, a first level seismic microzonation map of Chennai city has been produced with a GIS platform using the themes, viz, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Shear wave velocity at 3 m, Geology, Ground water fluctuation and bed rock depth. The near potential seismic sources were identified from the remote-sensing study and seismo-tectonic details from published literatures. The peak ground acceleration for these seismic sources were estimated based on the attenuation relationship and the maximum PGA for Chennai is 0.176 g. The groundwater fluctuation of the city varies from 0-4 m below ground level. The depth to bedrock configuration shows trough and ridges in the bedrock topography all over the city. The seismic microzonation analysis involved grid datasets (the discrete datasets from different themes were converted to grids) to compute the final seismic hazard grid through integration and weightage analysis of the source themes. The Chennai city has been classified into three broad zones, viz, High, Moderate and Low Seismic Hazard. The High seismic Hazard concentrated in a few places in the western central part of the city. The moderate hazard areas are oriented in NW-SE direction in the Western part. The southern and eastern part will have low seismic hazard. The result of the study may be used as first-hand information in selecting the appropriate earthquake resistant features in designing the forthcoming new buildings against seismic ground motion of the city.
The biochemical basis of resistance exhibited by a wild
Zingiber
species,
Zingiber zerumbet
(L.) Smith, towards the economically devastating soft-rot disease caused by necrotrophic
Pythium myriotylum
...was investigated. Quantification of phenolic compounds revealed higher total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF) and total tannin (TT) content in the uninfected susceptible ginger (
Z. officinale
) cultivar compared to the resistant taxon. However systemic induction in activities of rate-limiting enzymes of phenolic biosynthetic pathway, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), were observed in the resistant wild taxon. In the ginger cultivar, even though the inherent PAL specific activity was observed to be higher (24.2 ± 1.9 U mg
−1
) compared to the wild taxon (4.2 ± 0.8 U mg
−1
), a subsequent gradual decrease in both PAL and TAL activities were observed following infection of rhizomes with
P. myriotylum
. This was in contrast to the gradual increase in PAL (13.1 ± 0.8 U mg
−1
) and TAL (442.5 ± 35.1 U mg
−1
) specific activity after 5 days post infection (dpi) in the wild taxon. Subsequent HPLC analysis of rhizomes showed an increase in total curcuminoid content in the wild taxon compared to the ginger cultivar. Results are indicative of phenylpropanoid pathway regulation in a manner such that the induced defense metabolites contribute to restrict pathogen invasion in the resistant wild taxon.
Metabolite extraction from Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes using solvents of varying polarity index revealed high antimicrobial activity in the isopropanol fraction, whereas higher free-radical scavenging ...and antioxidant activity were observed in the benzene extract, which also had higher total phenolics and tannins. Chromatographic and spectral analysis of the benzene fraction revealed curcuminoids as the major active component. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry confirmed the presence of alkanes, carboxylic acids, amides, ketones, and aldehydes in the bioactive solvent extract.
Rhizomes of Zingiber neesanum (Graham) Ramamoorthy, endemic to Western Ghats and subject to few studies, were analysed for bioactivity and phytochemical composition. High total tannin (TT) content in ...isopropanol extract 55.261 ± 6.623 mg TAE.100 g
-1
DW contributed to antimicrobial activity against gram negative Enterococcus fecalis (21.7 ± 0.6 cm) while high total flavonoid (TF) content in ethyl acetate extract 681.94 ± 33.87 mg CE.100 g
−1
DW accounted for the antifungal activity against Mucor rouxii (9.7 ± 0.6). Isopropanol extracts also showed high anti-oxidant activity as determined by DPPH and FRAP assays. Major bioactive phytochemical constituents in Z. neesanum rhizome identified by GC-MS analysis included 2-Methyl-7-nonadecene (13.99%; antimicrobial), Actinomycin C2 (8.57%; antineoplastic) and Deoxyspergualin (12.55%; immunosuppressive).
Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring compounds present ubiquitously in plants. They have potential health benefits and substantiate evidence for their nutraceutical applications. ...Diarylheptanoids are part of the broad class of plant phenolics with structurally divergent compounds. They have been used in traditional medicines and homemade remedies to treat various ailments, as organoleptic additives in foods, and also for aesthetic purposes. With their potential therapeutic and organoleptic characteristics, diarylhepatanoids can be rightly termed as nutraceuticals. This review summarizes the wide range of pharmacological activities of diarylhepatanoids and nutraceutical formulations, with relevance to human health.
To investigate the effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of the red seaweed Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux (H. musciformis). on the growth, biochemical and pigment characteristics of ...Arachis hypogea (A. hypogea).
Experiments were conducted on ground nut to study the potential red alga of H. musciformis as a biofertilizer. The seeds were sown in soil and SLF were added to soil bed in five different concentrations separately (1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% w/v).
The 2% concentration of water extract showed better results of growth parameters, biochemical and pigments constitutions. Among the different concentrations of SLF investigated, the plants that received with 2% SLF showed maximum germination percentage, fresh weight, dry weight, root and shoot length, number of branches, leaf area, root nodules and content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, protein, carbohydrate and lipid were observed at 2% concentration of SLF. The leaf of 2% SLF treated A. hypogea has subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive spectroscopic analysis, it revealed that the presence of ten elements in the following order: Ca>P>N>Na>K>Mg>Mn>S>Fe>Zn in treated and Ca>N>P>Na>Mg>Mn>K>Zn>S>Fe in control plant. The data generated from study reveal that SLF of H. musciformis could be used as foliar spray at low concentration of 2% to maximize the growth and yield of A. hypogea and also increase the number of stomata in the leaf.
It is suggested that there are considerable gains to be made in increasing yield and stabilizing the yield in environments characterized by terminal requirement for organic and by shortening crop duration nutrient management appear promising.
Using IoT and cloud-based resources that have high-speed storage and processors with maximum bandwidth is obligatory. Live interaction between heterogeneous resources is supported physically and ...virtually through a variety of modes, which allows heterogeneous resources to interact in real time. These connected devices are often mentioned as pervasive connectivity that can be accessed public often. There are several interactions such as sensors, billing operations and much more services that are highlighted for Internet of Things (IoT) based communication. Existing IoT environments are application oriented data that are mostly sensitive which are ubiquitous collective from various IoT devices. Data classifications are implemented in the surrounding area to facilitate various decisions. The Internet is one of the primary needs in everyone's workplace where multiple advanced handheld devices or laptops are mostly accessed along with the internet for all aspects. Machine learning does the data sharing based on the growth of information collected where some of the intrusion and cyber attacks from IoT devices were not comparatively good in error detection or accurate classifications. Using the proposed algorithm Xception based Feedforward Encasement (XBFE) based Parameters for Cybersecurity along with IoT Devices where cyclic communication among hidden layers that can focus on unsupervised monitoring such that the feature mapping and scaling can filter along with maximum or minimum usage. The main research idea is to use the UNSW-NB15 dataset to analyze cyber attacks from 49 features to enhance the result.
Background: Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (syn. Z. cernuum) endemic to peninsular India have been documented to be in use since ancient times in several traditional systems of medicine. Z. ...nimmonii with ethnomedicinal applications constitute a rich source of secondary metabolites toward identifying potential bioactive constituents with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Objective: Rhizomes of Z. nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell, endemic to the Western Ghats, were analyzed for bioactivity and phytochemical composition. Materials and Methods: Polyphenolic contents, namely total phenolics (TPs), total flavonoids (TFs) and total tannin (TT), were determined and expressed using gallic acid (GA), catechin (C) and tannic acid (TA) as standards. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against two Gram-positive, three Gram-negative bacteria and three fungi by agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, and volatile metabolite composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: THE highest TF and TT contents were detected in ethyl acetate (557.64 ± 41.74 mg CE. 100 g-1 DW) and isopropanol (63.995 ± 2.062 mg TA equivalent. 100 g-1 DW) extract, respectively. High TP content in isopropanol extract (112.80 ± 10.99 mg GA equivalent. 100 g-1 DW) contributed to antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (16.3 ± 0.6 mm) and antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (11.7 ± 0.6 mm). Methanol extracts showed high antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH (67.4 ± 12.5 μg/ml) and FRAP (127.8 ± 12.4 μg/ml) assays. Major bioactive phytochemical constituents in Z. nimmonii rhizome following GC-MS analysis included heptanediamide, N, N'-di-benzoyloxy (arachidonic acid inhibitor), n-hexadecanoic acid (antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant), and oleic acid (antitumor). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates potential of Z. nimmonii rhizomes as a rich source of secondary metabolites which can be exploited toward developing anti-infective formulations and free radical quenchers.
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