Radiation tolerance is determined as the ability of crystalline materials to withstand the accumulation of the radiation induced disorder. Nevertheless, for sufficiently high fluences, in all by far ...known semiconductors it ends up with either very high disorder levels or amorphization. Here we show that gamma/beta (γ/β) double polymorph Ga
O
structures exhibit remarkably high radiation tolerance. Specifically, for room temperature experiments, they tolerate a disorder equivalent to hundreds of displacements per atom, without severe degradations of crystallinity; in comparison with, e.g., Si amorphizable already with the lattice atoms displaced just once. We explain this behavior by an interesting combination of the Ga- and O- sublattice properties in γ-Ga
O
. In particular, O-sublattice exhibits a strong recrystallization trend to recover the face-centered-cubic stacking despite the stronger displacement of O atoms compared to Ga during the active periods of cascades. Notably, we also explained the origin of the β-to-γ Ga
O
transformation, as a function of the increased disorder in β-Ga
O
and studied the phenomena as a function of the chemical nature of the implanted atoms. As a result, we conclude that γ/β double polymorph Ga
O
structures, in terms of their radiation tolerance properties, benchmark a class of universal radiation tolerant semiconductors.
Alcohols have an interesting potential as blending components for diesel fuels because of their capacity to reduce soot formation. Because they have increasing routes for their production from ...renewable sources, they could contribute toward increasing the renewable fraction of these fuels and, therefore, toward reducing the impact of diesel transportation on the global warming effect. To increase the knowledge about the implications of the use of short- and long-chain alcohols/diesel fuel blends in diesel engines, the stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) have been tested. Blends of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol with diesel fuel have been analyzed at 1, 2.5, 7.7, 17, 50, 75, and 90% in volume including 95% (v/v) in the case of CFPP. Results have shown that short-chain alcohols depict poor blending stability and low viscosity (mainly for concentrations of ethanol and propanol in diesel fuel blends beyond 22 and 45%, respectively). A synergistic effect was observed in viscosity when moderate concentrations of butanol and pentanol were mixed with diesel fuel. The lubricity of the blends decreases with the alcohol content, but this effect is partially compensated by the alcohol volatility. The blends with the highest restriction of use are those containing pentanol, which should be limited to concentrations below 10% (v/v), because its volatility does not compensate for its lubricating capacity. The use of alcohol/winter diesel fuel blends provides a substantial benefit only when high alcohol concentrations are used. It can be concluded that alcohols can be blended with diesel fuel under low and high concentrations, although to improve the blending stability of short-chain alcohols in medium concentrations, the use of additives or fatty acid esters would be necessary.
This work presents a case study in which Cognitive‐Integrative psychotherapy was used to treat a patient with obsessive‐compulsive disorder with the implementation of routine outcome monitoring (ROM) ...at Aiglé Foundation in Argentina. The patient, a 34‐year‐old female with a university degree reports having obsessive ideas about dirt or pollution, causing harm to others, and religious and superstitious topics on a daily basis. The therapeutic process carried out during the first 17 psychotherapy sessions is described: construction of the therapeutic alliance, psychoeducation, and main interventions. The purpose of the article is to describe a case in which the measures' results did not show clinically relevant improvement even though the clinical indicators assessed by the therapist and the patient's subjective evaluation were positive. The article, shows the application of ROM during the supervision process, proposes interpretations of these results, and discusses decision‐making processes in the light of this discrepancy.
Patients with cirrhosis, particularly those with decompensated cirrhosis, are at increased risk of bacterial infections that may further precipitate other liver decompensations including ...acute‐on‐chronic liver failure. Infections constitute the main cause of death in patients with advanced cirrhosis, and strategies to prevent them are essential. The main current strategy is the use of prophylactic antibiotics targeted at specific subpopulations at high risk of infection: prior episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and low‐protein ascites with associated poor liver function. Antibiotic prophylaxis effectively prevents not only the development of bacterial infections in all these indications but also further decompensation (variceal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome) and improves survival. However, antibiotic prophylaxis is also associated with a clinically relevant and increasing drawback, the development of infections due to multidrug‐resistant organisms. Several strategies have been suggested to balance the risks and benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis. Conclusion: Antibiotic stewardship principles such as the restriction of antibiotic prophylaxis to subpopulations at a very high risk for infection, the avoidance of antibiotic overuse, and early deescalation policies are key to achieve this balance; nonantibiotic prophylactic measures such as probiotics, prokinetics, bile acids, statins, and hematopoietic growth factors could also contribute to ameliorate the development and spread of multidrug‐resistant bacteria in cirrhosis. (Hepatology 2016;63:2019‐2031)
Este texto pretende construir nuevas miradas no eurocéntricas de la historia mundial al recuperar el legado de Ibn Khaldūn (1332-1406) e incorporarlo al escenario de la discusión poscolonial. Se ...plantea la necesidad de rescatar referentes no europeos y no occidentales para la conformación de una filosofía de la historia que reconozca la pluralidad de experiencias, epistemologías y cosmovisiones. Se proponen líneas de reflexión para una historia del mundo pensada desde la experiencia mediterránea occidental.
This text aims to construct new, non-Eurocentric views of world history by recovering the legacy of Ibn Khaldūn (1332–1402) and incorporating it into postcolonial discussions. The article argues that non-European and non-Western references are necessary for a philosophy of history that recognizes the existence of plural experiences, epistemologies, and worldviews. The author develops ideas for a history of global thought from the Western Mediterranean experience.
Tras más de tres décadas de teorías críticas con el colonialismo cultural, muchas son las voces que han reclamado otra forma de interpretar, pensar y expresar el mundo. Las ciencias sociales y las ...humanidades han estado, en las últimas décadas, en el centro de un debate sobre las implicaciones epistemológicas e intelectuales de la dominación colonial occidental sobre territorios de América Latina, África y Asia. En torno a la crítica del eurocentrismo en las ciencias sociales se puede encontrar corrientes como la crítica poscolonial, los estudios subalternos, la teoría decolonial, el marxismo afroamericano, el feminismo chicano y fronterizo, el pensamiento indígena o las epistemologías del sur. La emergencia de estas teorías críticas con el eurocentrismo ha llevado a un proceso de profunda renovación teórica en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales que ha puesto en cuestión los legados eurocéntricos, los proyectos coloniales y la hegemonía de las universidades occidentalizadas. La producción historiográfica ha quedado, en cierta medida, al margen de esta renovación teórica que han vivido las humanidades y las ciencias sociales. El presente artículo recapitula las contribuciones fundamentales que aportan las teorías críticas con el eurocentrismo para la formación de una nueva historiografía que sea superadora de los legados del saber eurocéntrico y colonial. Se revisan las aportaciones fundamentales a la forma de interpretar el pasado de los estudios poscoloniales, la historia subalterna y la teoría decolonial para pensar en la formulación de una nueva teoría de la historia y una nueva historiografía no eurocéntrica. Se propone que esta busque examinar críticamente las implicaciones del legado colonial en la forma de concebir el pasado tanto de la propia historiografía como del resto de ciencias sociales y humanidades.
Cannabinoids form a singular group of plant‐derived compounds, endogenous lipids and synthetic derivatives with multiple therapeutic effects exerted by targeting different elements of the ...endocannabinoid system. One of their therapeutic applications is the preservation of neuronal integrity exerted by attenuating the multiple neurotoxic events that kill neurons in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will address the potential of cannabinoids as neuroprotective agents in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by muscle denervation, atrophy and paralysis, and progressive deterioration in upper and/or lower motor neurons. The emphasis will be paid on the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor, whose activation limits glial reactivity, but the potential of additional endocannabinoid‐related targets will be also addressed. The evidence accumulated so far at the preclinical level supports the need to soon move towards the patients and initiate clinical trials to confirm the potential of cannabinoid‐based medicines as disease modifiers in ALS.
LINKED ARTICLES
This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.6/issuetoc
The definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) remains contested. In Europe and North America, the term is generally applied according to the European Association for the Study of the ...Liver-Chronic Liver Failure (EASL-CLIF) Consortium guidelines, which defines this condition as a syndrome that develops in patients with cirrhosis and is characterized by acute decompensation, organ failure and high short-term mortality. One-third of patients who are hospitalized for acute decompensation present with ACLF at admission or develop the syndrome during hospitalization. ACLF frequently occurs in a closed temporal relationship to a precipitating event, such as bacterial infection or acute alcoholic, drug-induced or viral hepatitis. However, no precipitating event can be identified in approximately 40% of patients. The mechanisms of ACLF involve systemic inflammation due to infections, acute liver damage and, in cases without precipitating events, probably intestinal translocation of bacteria or bacterial products. ACLF is graded into three stages (ACLF grades 1-3) on the basis of the number of organ failures, with higher grades associated with increased mortality. Liver and renal failures are the most common organ failures, followed by coagulation, brain, circulatory and respiratory failure. The 28-day mortality rate associated with ACLF is 30%. Depending on the grade, ACLF can be reversed using standard therapy in only 16-51% of patients, leaving a considerable proportion of patients with ACLF that remains steady or progresses. Liver transplantation in selected patients with ACLF grade 2 and ACLF grade 3 increases the 6-month survival from 10% to 80%.
El presente artículo pretende contribuir a superar las visiones eurocéntricas y occidentalistas del estudio sobre Al-Ándalus mediante el análisis crítico de dos disciplinas: el medievalismo y el ...arabismo. En la primera parte se describe el medievalismo como un ejercicio de occidentalismo; en la segunda se examina el arabismo español como una mirada proveniente del mundo colonial francés. Al final se incorporan algunas aportaciones de la teoría decolonial latinoamericana y de la corriente del medievalismo poscolonial anglosajón para situar ciertas líneas de análisis y reflexión que convocan a una mirada poscolonial y no eurocéntrica del fenómeno andalusí.
This article aims to contribute to overcoming the Eurocentric and Occidentalist views of Al-Andalus through the critical analysis of two disciplines: medievalism and Arabism. First, medievalism is described as an exercise in Occidentalism. Secondly, Spanish Arabism is analysed as a discursive corpus originating inthe French colonial world. The text concludes by incorporating certain contributions from Latin American decolonial theory and from contemporary Anglo-American postcolonial medievalism, to locate certain lines of analysis and reflection that call for a postcolonial and non-Eurocentric view of the Andalusian phenomenon.
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