Brain metabolism increases during stimulation, but this increase does not affect all energy metabolism equally. Briefly after stimulation, there is a local increase in cerebral blood flow and in ...glucose uptake, but a smaller increase in oxygen uptake. This indicates that temporarily the rate of glycolysis is faster than the rate of oxidative metabolism, with a corresponding temporary increase in lactate production. This minireview discusses the long‐standing controversy about which cell type, neurons or astrocytes, are involved in this increased aerobic glycolysis. Recent biosensor studies measuring metabolic changes in neurons, in acute brain slices or in vivo, are placed in the context of other data bearing on this question. The most direct measurements indicate that, although both neurons and astrocytes may increase glycolysis after stimulation, neurons do not rely on import of astrocytic‐produced lactate, and instead they increase their own glycolytic rate and become net exporters of lactate. This temporary increase in neuronal glycolysis may provide rapid energy to meet the acute energy demands of neurons.
The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the advantages and limitations of carbon-based nanomaterials with respect to analytical chemistry. Aiming to illustrate the impact of ...nanomaterials on the development of novel analytical applications, developments reported in the 2005–2010 period have been included and divided into sample preparation, separation, and detection. Within each section, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and composite materials will be addressed specifically. Although only briefly discussed, included is a section highlighting nanomaterials with interesting catalytic properties that can be used in the design of future devices for analytical chemistry.
To evaluate safety and efficacy of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in a large cohort of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
From 2014 to 2017, 184 inoperable ...CTEPH patients underwent 1006 BPA sessions. Safety and efficacy during the first 21 months (initial period) were compared with those of the last 21 months (recent period). A total of 154 patients had a full evaluation after a median duration of 6.1 months.
Overall, there was a significant improvement in New York Heart Association functional class, 6-min walk distance (mean change +45 m), and a significant decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) by 26% and 43%, respectively. The percentage decreases of mean PAP and PVR were 22% and 37% in the initial period
30% and 49% in the recent period, respectively (p<0.05). The main complications included lung injury, which occurred in 9.1% of 1006 sessions (13.3% in the initial period
5.9% in the recent period; p<0.001). Per-patient multivariate analysis revealed that baseline mean PAP and the period during which BPA procedure was performed (recent
initial period) were the strongest factors related to the occurrence of lung injury. 3-year survival was 95.1%.
This study confirms that a refined BPA strategy improves short-term symptoms, exercise capacity and haemodynamics in inoperable CTEPH patients with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio. Safety and efficacy improve over time, underscoring the unavoidable learning curve for this procedure.
This document updates the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/Japanese Respiratory Society/Latin American Thoracic Association guideline on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment.
...Systematic reviews and, when appropriate, meta-analyses were performed to summarize all available evidence pertinent to our questions. The evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach and then discussed by a multidisciplinary panel. Predetermined conflict-of-interest management strategies were applied, and recommendations were formulated, written, and graded exclusively by the nonconflicted panelists.
After considering the confidence in effect estimates, the importance of outcomes studied, desirable and undesirable consequences of treatment, cost, feasibility, acceptability of the intervention, and implications to health equity, recommendations were made for or against specific treatment interventions.
The panel formulated and provided the rationale for recommendations in favor of or against treatment interventions for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
•We present an overview of native promoter structure and function.•The use and application of promoters in transgenics are emphasized.•Use of cis-acting regulatory elements in synthetic promoters is ...highlighted.•A new approach of developing and using synthetic introns in promoters is presented.•Different promoter gene expression validation approaches are compared.
Studies of promoters that largely regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level are crucial for improving our basic understanding of gene regulation and will expand the toolbox of available promoters for use in plant biotechnology. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of promoters and their underlying mechanisms in transcriptional regulation, including epigenetic marks and chromatin-based regulation. Large-scale prediction of promoter sequences and their contributing cis-acting elements has become routine due to recent advances in transcriptomic technologies and genome sequencing of several plants. However, predicted regulatory sequences may or may not be functional and demonstration of the contribution of the element to promoter activity is essential for confirmation of regulatory sequences. Synthetic promoters and introns provide useful approaches for functional validation of promoter sequences. The development and improvement of gene expression tools for rapid, efficient, predictable, and high-throughput analysis of promoter components will be critical for confirmation of the functional regulatory element sequences identified through transcriptomic and genomic analyses.
The identification of modules or communities in sets of related variables is a key step in the analysis and modeling of biological systems. Procedures for this identification are usually designed to ...allow fast analyses of very large datasets and may produce suboptimal results when these sets are of a small to moderate size. This article introduces BoCluSt, a new, somewhat more computationally intensive, community detection procedure that is based on combining a clustering algorithm with a measure of stability under bootstrap resampling. Both computer simulation and analyses of experimental data showed that BoCluSt can outperform current procedures in the identification of multiple modules in data sets with a moderate number of variables. In addition, the procedure provides users with a null distribution of results to evaluate the support for the existence of community structure in the data. BoCluSt takes individual measures for a set of variables as input, and may be a valuable and robust exploratory tool of network analysis, as it provides 1) an estimation of the best partition of variables into modules, 2) a measure of the support for the existence of modular structures, and 3) an overall description of the whole structure, which may reveal hierarchical modular situations, in which modules are composed of smaller sub-modules.
We show for the first time that atomically dispersed Rh cations on ceria, prepared by a high‐temperature atom‐trapping synthesis, are the active species for the (CO+NO) reaction. This provides a ...direct link with the organometallic homogeneous RhI complexes capable of catalyzing the dry (CO+NO) reaction. The thermally stable Rh cations in 0.1 wt % Rh1/CeO2 achieve full NO conversion with a turn‐over‐frequency (TOF) of around 330 h−1 per Rh atom at 120 °C. Under dry conditions, the main product above 100 °C is N2 with N2O being the minor product. The presence of water promotes low‐temperature activity of 0.1 wt % Rh1/CeO2. In the wet stream, ammonia and nitrogen are the main products above 120 °C. The uniformity of Rh ions on the support, allows us to detect the intermediates of (CO+NO) reaction via IR measurements on Rh cations on zeolite and ceria. We also show that NH3 formation correlates with the water gas shift (WGS) activity of the material and detect the formation of Rh hydride species spectroscopically.
Single rhodium ions on ceria are the active species for nitric oxide (NO) reduction by carbon monoxide (CO) in the low‐temperature regime in dry and wet gas streams: only a small amount of expensive rhodium around 0.1 wt % is needed to produce active catalysts with very high turn‐over frequencies >300 h−1, full NO conversion below 150 °C and stable time‐on‐stream performance.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a major challenge to health, economic and political systems around the world. Understanding the socioeconomic, demographic and health ...determinants affecting the pandemic is of interest to stakeholders. The purpose of this ecological study is to analyse the effect of the different socioeconomic, demographic and healthcare determinants on the mortality rate and estimated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 first wave in the Spanish regions.
From the available data of the 17 Spanish regions (Autonomous Communities), we have carried out an ecological study through multivariate linear regression using ordinary least squares. To do this, we conducted an analysis using two distinct dependent variables: the logarithm of mortality rate per 1,000,000 inhabitants and the estimated cumulative incidence. The study has 12 explanatory variables.
After applying the backward stepwise multivariate analysis, we obtained a model with nine significant variables at different levels for mortality rate and a model with seven significant variables for estimated cumulative incidence. Among them, six variables are statistically significant and of the same sign in both models: "Nursing homes beds", "Proportion of care homes over 100 beds", "Log GDP per capita", "Aeroplane passengers", "Proportion of urban people", and the dummy variable "Island region".
The different socioeconomic, demographic and healthcare determinants of each region have a significant effect on the mortality rate and estimated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in territories where the measures initially adopted to control the pandemic have been identical.
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