Since the 1995 discovery of the broad iron K-line emission from the Seyfert galaxy MCG-6-30-15 (ref. 1), broad iron K lines have been found in emission from several other Seyfert galaxies, from ...accreting stellar-mass black holes and even from accreting neutron stars. The iron K line is prominent in the reflection spectrum created by the hard-X-ray continuum irradiating dense accreting matter. Relativistic distortion of the line makes it sensitive to the strong gravity and spin of the black hole. The accompanying iron L-line emission should be detectable when the iron abundance is high. Here we report the presence of both iron K and iron L emission in the spectrum of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0707-495. The bright iron L emission has enabled us to detect a reverberation lag of about 30 s between the direct X-ray continuum and its reflection from matter falling into the black hole. The observed reverberation timescale is comparable to the light-crossing time of the innermost radii around a supermassive black hole. The combination of spectral and timing data on 1H 0707-495 provides strong evidence that we are witnessing emission from matter within a gravitational radius, or a fraction of a light minute, from the event horizon of a rapidly spinning, massive black hole.
Most epistemic uncertainty within data-driven landslide susceptibility assessment results from errors in landslide inventories, difficulty in identifying and mapping landslide causes and decisions ...related with the modelling procedure. In this work we evaluate and discuss differences observed on landslide susceptibility maps resulting from: (i) the selection of the statistical method; (ii) the selection of the terrain mapping unit; and (iii) the selection of the feature type to represent landslides in the model (polygon versus point). The work is performed in a single study area (Silveira Basin - 18.2km2 - Lisbon Region, Portugal) using a unique database of geo-environmental landslide predisposing factors and an inventory of 82 shallow translational slides.
The logistic regression, the discriminant analysis and two versions of the information value were used and we conclude that multivariate statistical methods perform better when computed over heterogeneous terrain units and should be selected to assess landslide susceptibility based on slope terrain units, geo-hydrological terrain units or census terrain units. However, evidence was found that the chosen terrain mapping unit can produce greater differences on final susceptibility results than those resulting from the chosen statistical method for modelling.
The landslide susceptibility should be assessed over grid cell terrain units whenever the spatial accuracy of landslide inventory is good. In addition, a single point per landslide proved to be efficient to generate accurate landslide susceptibility maps, providing the landslides are of small size, thus minimizing the possible existence of heterogeneities of predisposing factors within the landslide boundary.
Although during last years the ROC curves have been preferred to evaluate the susceptibility model's performance, evidence was found that the model with the highest AUC ROC is not necessarily the best landslide susceptibility model, namely when terrain mapping units are heterogeneous in size and reduced in number.
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•Multivariate statistical methods perform better when computed over heterogeneous terrain mapping units.•Landslide susceptibility should be assessed over grid cells when the spatial accuracy of landslide inventory is good.•A single point per landslide proved to be efficient to generate accurate landslide susceptibility maps•The model with the highest AUC ROC is not necessarily the best landslide susceptibility model.
The volatile fraction of three vegetable oils recommended for deep-frying due to their high MUFA:PUFA ratios, namely extra-virgin olive oil, peanut oil and canola oil, was compared before and after ...frying potatoes, with a particular focus on toxic volatiles. For the purpose, a headspace solid-phase-micro extraction technique coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was optimized, with semi-quantification achieved using two internal standards. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed, both before and after frying. From a total of 51 compounds, aldehydes were the main group formed after deep-frying, their nature and abundance being highly associated with the initial fatty acid composition, particularly linoleic acid (
r
2
= −0.999,
p
≤ 0.001). Globally, extra-virgin olive oil revealed fewer formations of unsaturated aldehydes, including toxic ones, and correlated with lower amounts of degradation indicators, as polar compounds (
r
2
= 0.998,
p
≤ 0.001) and
p
-anisidine value (
r
2
= 0.991,
p
≤ 0.001). Despite the similarities in total unsaturation degree between canola and peanut oils, the former presented lower amount of volatiles, including
E,E
-2,4-decadienal and acrolein, the more toxic ones. These results highlight for the pertinence of volatile analyses to evaluate and compare oil degradation under thermal and oxidative stress, while complementing other degradation indicators. Additionally, the optimized methodology allows a direct comparison of different oil matrices, supporting further developments into more general methods for volatiles quantification, enabling more efficient comparison of results between research teams.
Abstract
Effective conservation actions to counteract the current decline of populations and species require a deep knowledge on their genetic structure. We used Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ...(SNPs) to infer the population structure of the highly threatened freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera
in the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 130 individuals were collected from 26 locations belonging to 16 basins. We obtained 31,692 SNPs through Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) and used this dataset to infer population structure. Genetic diversity given as observed heterozygosity was low. Pairwise F
ST
comparisons revealed low levels of genetic differentiation among geographically close populations. Up to 3 major genetic lineages were determined: Atlantic, Cantabrian and Douro. This structure suggests a close co-evolutionary process with brown trout (
Salmo trutta
), the primordial fish host of this mussel in the studied area. Some sub-basins showed some genetic structuring, whereas in others no intrapopulation differentiation was found. Our results confirm that genetic conservation units do not match individual basins, and that knowledge about the genetic structure is necessary before planning recovery plans that may involve relocation or restocking. The same reasoning should be applied to strictly freshwater species that are sessile or have restricted dispersal abilities and are currently imperiled worldwide.
We present CO(2−1) and adjacent continuum observations of seven nearby radio-quiet type-2 quasars (QSO2s) obtained with ALMA at ∼0.2″ resolution (370 pc at
z
∼ 0.1). These QSO2s are luminous (
L
...OIII
> 10
8.5
L
⊙
∼
M
B
< −23), and their host galaxies massive (
M
*
∼ 10
11
M
⊙
). The CO morphologies are diverse, including disks and interacting systems. Two of the QSO2s are red early-type galaxies with no CO(2–1) detected. In the interacting galaxies, the central kiloparsec contains 18–25% of the total cold molecular gas, whereas in the spirals it is only ∼5–12%. J1010+0612 and J1430+1339 show double-peaked CO flux maps along the major axis of the CO disks that do not have an optical counterpart at the same angular resolution. Based on our analysis of the ionized and molecular gas kinematics and millimeter continuum emission, these CO morphologies are most likely produced by active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in the form of outflows, jets, and/or shocks. The CO kinematics of the QSO2s with CO(2−1) detections are dominated by rotation but also reveal noncircular motions. According to our analysis, these noncircular motions correspond to molecular outflows that are mostly coplanar with the CO disks in four of the QSO2s, and either to a coplanar inflow or vertical outflow in the case of J1010+0612. These outflows represent 0.2–0.7% of the QSO2s’ total molecular gas mass and have maximum velocities of 200–350 km s
−1
, radii from 0.4 to 1.3 kpc, and outflow mass rates of 8–16
M
⊙
yr
−1
. These outflow properties are intermediate between those of the mild molecular outflows measured for Seyfert galaxies and the fast and energetic outflows shown by ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. This suggests that it is not only AGN luminosity that drives massive molecular outflows. Other factors such as jet power, coupling between winds, jets, and/or ionized outflows and the CO disks, and amount or geometry of dense gas in the nuclear regions might also be relevant. Thus, although we do not find evidence for a significant impact of quasar feedback on the total molecular gas reservoirs and star formation rates, it appears to be modifying the distribution of cold molecular gas in the central kiloparsec of the galaxies.
An increase in the average herd size on Australian dairy farms has also increased the labor and animal management pressure on farmers, thus potentially encouraging the adoption of precision ...technologies for enhanced management control. A survey was undertaken in 2015 in Australia to identify the relationship between herd size, current precision technology adoption, and perception of the future of precision technologies. Additionally, differences between farmers and service providers in relation to perception of future precision technology adoption were also investigated. Responses from 199 dairy farmers, and 102 service providers, were collected between May and August 2015 via an anonymous Internet-based questionnaire. Of the 199 dairy farmer responses, 10.4% corresponded to farms that had fewer than 150 cows, 37.7% had 151 to 300 cows, 35.5% had 301 to 500 cows; 6.0% had 501 to 700 cows, and 10.4% had more than 701 cows. The results showed that farmers with more than 500 cows adopted between 2 and 5 times more specific precision technologies, such as automatic cup removers, automatic milk plant wash systems, electronic cow identification systems and herd management software, when compared with smaller farms. Only minor differences were detected in perception of the future of precision technologies between either herd size or farmers and service providers. In particular, service providers expected a higher adoption of automatic milking and walk over weighing systems than farmers. Currently, the adoption of precision technology has mostly been of the type that reduces labor needs; however, respondents indicated that by 2025 adoption of data capturing technology for monitoring farm system parameters would be increased.
X-ray reflection models are used to constrain the properties of the accretion disk, such as the degree of ionization of the gas and the elemental abundances. To overcome this simplification, we have ...constructed an angle-dependent reflection model with the XILLVER code and self-consistently connected it with the relativistic blurring code RELLINE. The new model, relxill, calculates the proper emission angle of the radiation at each point on the accretion disk and then takes the corresponding reflection spectrum into account. We show that the reflected spectra from illuminated disks follow a limb-brightening law highly dependent on the ionization of disk and yet different from the commonly assumed form I is proportional to ln(1 + 1/ mu ). The fit of the new model to the Suzaku observation of the Seyfert galaxy Ark 120 clearly shows a significant improvement in the constraint of the physical parameters, in particular by enhancing the accuracy in the inclination angle and the spin determinations.
Rainfall is the most important physical process responsible for the landslide triggering in Portugal. Results obtained worldwide have shown that control of rainfall on landslides differs ...substantially depending upon landslide depth and kinematics and the affected material. Therefore, the critical rainfall conditions for failure are not the same for different types of landslides, and may be strongly influenced by regional geologic and geomorphologic conditions. Rapid debris flows are typically triggered by very intense showers concentrated in just a few hours, and shallow translational soil slips are usually triggered by intense precipitation falling within the 1–15 days long range. On the contrary, activity of deep-seated landslides of rotational, translational and complex types is related to periods of nearly constant rainfall, lasting from several weeks to several months. The different rainfall intensity–duration conditions are associated with different hydrologic mechanisms for slope failure. The generation of surface run-off and high peak discharges in first-order mountain catchments is a critical triggering mechanism for debris flows. The intense rainfall allows the rapid growth of pore water pressure and the drop of capillarity forces that sustain the apparent cohesion of thin soils. As a consequence, shallow soil slips occur within the soil material or at the contact with the underlying less permeable bedrock. Long lasting rainfall episodes enable the steady rise of the groundwater table and the development of positive pore water pressures into the soil. Consequently, deep-seated failures occur in relation to the reduction of shear strength of affected materials. In this work, we present the state of the art concerning the proposition of empirical rainfall thresholds in Portugal for different types of landslides observed in different zones of the country: the Lisbon region, the Douro Valley and the NW Mountains, and the Povoação Municipality in São Miguel Island (Azores). The empirical thresholds applied in Portugal are based on the identification of past landslide events and include (i) the computation of antecedent rainfall threshold defined by linear regression, (ii) the normalization of rainfall by the mean annual precipitation, (iii) the definition of lower limit and upper limit rainfall thresholds and (iv) the definition of combined rainfall thresholds, which integrates the rainfall event and the antecedent rainfall for different time periods.
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of the nuclear charge radius is one of the long-standing challenges for nuclear theory. Recently, density functional theory calculations utilizing Fayans ...functionals have successfully reproduced the charge radii of a variety of exotic isotopes. However, difficulties in the isotope production have hindered testing these models in the immediate region of the nuclear chart below the heaviest self-conjugate doubly-magic nucleus
100
Sn, where the near-equal number of protons (
Z
) and neutrons (
N
) lead to enhanced neutron-proton pairing. Here, we present an optical excursion into this region by crossing the
N
= 50 magic neutron number in the silver isotopic chain with the measurement of the charge radius of
96
Ag (
N
= 49). The results provide a challenge for nuclear theory: calculations are unable to reproduce the pronounced discontinuity in the charge radii as one moves below
N
= 50. The technical advancements in this work open the
N
=
Z
region below
100
Sn for further optical studies, which will lead to more comprehensive input for nuclear theory development.
X-ray irradiation of the accretion disc leads to strong reflection features, which are then broadened and distorted by relativistic effects. We present a detailed, general relativistic approach to ...model this irradiation for different geometries of the primary X-ray source. These geometries include the standard point source on the rotational axis as well as more jet-like sources, which are radially elongated and accelerating. Incorporating this code in the relline model for relativistic line emission, the line shape for any configuration can be predicted. We study how different irradiation geometries affect the determination of the spin of the black hole. Broad emission lines are produced only for compact irradiating sources situated close to the black hole. This is the only case where the black hole spin can be unambiguously determined. In all other cases the line shape is narrower, which could either be explained by a low spin or an elongated source. We conclude that in those cases and independent of the quality of the data no unique solution for the spin exists and therefore only a lower limit of the spin value can be given.
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