Georgia Women Chirhart, Ann Short; Clark, Kathleen Ann
07/2014, Letnik:
2
eBook
Women were leading actors in twentieth-century developments in Georgia, yet most histories minimize their contributions. The essays in the second volume ofGeorgia Women, edited by Ann Short Chirhart ...and Kathleen Ann Clark, vividly portray a wide array of Georgia women who played an important role in the state's history, from little-known Progressive Era activists to famous present-day figures such as Pulitzer Prize-winning author Alice Walker and former First Lady Rosalynn Carter.
Georgia women were instrumental to state and national politics even before they achieved suffrage, and as essays on Lillian Smith, Frances Pauley, Coretta Scott King, and others demonstrate, they played a key role in twentieth-century struggles over civil rights, gender equality, and the proper size and reach of government. Georgia women's contributions have been wide ranging in the arena of arts and culture and include the works of renowned blues singer Gertrude "Ma" Rainey and such nationally prominent literary figures as Margaret Mitchell, Carson McCullers, and Flannery O'Connor, as well as Walker.
While many of the volume's essays take a fresh look at relatively well-known figures, readers will also have the opportunity to discover women who were vital to Georgia's history yet remain relatively obscure today, such as Atlanta educator and activist Lugenia Burns Hope, World War II aviator Hazel Raines, entrepreneur and carpet manufacturer Catherine Evans Whitener, and rural activist and author Vara A. Majette. Collectively, the life stories portrayed in this volume deepen our understanding of the multifaceted history of not only Georgia women but also the state itself.
The White House Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence highlights the risks of large language models (LLMs) empowering malicious actors in developing biological, cyber, and chemical weapons. To ...measure these risks of malicious use, government institutions and major AI labs are developing evaluations for hazardous capabilities in LLMs. However, current evaluations are private, preventing further research into mitigating risk. Furthermore, they focus on only a few, highly specific pathways for malicious use. To fill these gaps, we publicly release the Weapons of Mass Destruction Proxy (WMDP) benchmark, a dataset of 3,668 multiple-choice questions that serve as a proxy measurement of hazardous knowledge in biosecurity, cybersecurity, and chemical security. WMDP was developed by a consortium of academics and technical consultants, and was stringently filtered to eliminate sensitive information prior to public release. WMDP serves two roles: first, as an evaluation for hazardous knowledge in LLMs, and second, as a benchmark for unlearning methods to remove such hazardous knowledge. To guide progress on unlearning, we develop RMU, a state-of-the-art unlearning method based on controlling model representations. RMU reduces model performance on WMDP while maintaining general capabilities in areas such as biology and computer science, suggesting that unlearning may be a concrete path towards reducing malicious use from LLMs. We release our benchmark and code publicly at https://wmdp.ai
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare human autosomal recessive disorder characterized by, among other symptoms, catastrophic reaction to conventional radiotherapy. A-T heterozygotes are clinically ...asymptomatic and their fibroblasts are intermediate in radiosensitivity between homozygotes and normals. We have attempted to identify heterozygotes by assaying for cellular hypersensitivity to chronic γ irradiation. Cultured dermal fibroblast strains from 13 control subjects and 55 members from a large Amish pedigree segregating for A-T were assayed for loss of colony-forming ability (CFA) in response to 137 Cs γ radiation delivered at a dose rate of 0.8 cGy/min. For each strain, multiple dose-response curves were summarized in a composite $D_{10}$ value (dose, in cGy, reducing colony survival to 10%). The $D_{10}\text{'}{\rm s}$ of the clinically normal controls and of those pedigree members with known A-T genotype formed a trimodal distribution, with the seven obligate heterozygotes displaying an average value (516 cGy) intermediate between that of the 10 healthy controls (797 cGy) and that of the two affected patients (154 cGy). The $D_{10}\text{'}{\rm s}$ were modeled statistically using Gaussian penetrance functions. The most parsimonious model yielded a significant difference in $D_{10}$ means for heterozygotes and normal homozygotes, a significant donor age effect, but no sex effect. We compared probabilistic identification of heterozygotes based on $D_{10}$ values with identification based on linkage data for two markers, THY1 and D11S144, closely linked to the A-T gene. This comparison revealed that the $D_{10}$ data were appreciably less informative than the linked markers. Indeed, the extensive overlap between $D_{10}$ values for heterozygotes and normal homozygotes precludes the use of postirradiation CFA for either accurate identification of heterozygotes or chromosomal mapping of the A-T gene.
Prenatal ultrasound scanning of a 20-year-old woman at 17 weeks of gestation revealed findings suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction, including bladder distension, dilated bilateral ureters, ...urinary ascites, and oligohydramnios. Vesicoamniotic shunts were placed with decompression of the bladder and correction of the amniotic fluid levels. Labor was induced at 36 weeks’ gestation. At birth, the infant was noted to have prune-belly syndrome with severe urethral hypoplasia, a variant usually associated with a poor prognosis, necessitating vesicostomy for bladder drainage. We present a case of a patient with prune-belly syndrome and bladder outlet obstruction in whom early intervention resulted in an excellent outcome with preservation of renal and pulmonary function.
Measurements of large-scale structure are interpreted using theoretical predictions for the matter distribution, including potential impacts of baryonic physics. We constrain the feedback strength of ...baryons jointly with cosmology using weak lensing and galaxy clustering observables (3\(\times\)2pt) of Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 1 data in combination with external information from baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and Planck cosmic microwave background polarization. Our baryon modeling is informed by a set of hydrodynamical simulations that span a variety of baryon scenarios; we span this space via a Principal Component (PC) analysis of the summary statistics extracted from these simulations. We show that at the level of DES Y1 constraining power, one PC is sufficient to describe the variation of baryonic effects in the observables, and the first PC amplitude (\(Q_1\)) generally reflects the strength of baryon feedback. With the upper limit of \(Q_1\) prior being bound by the Illustris feedback scenarios, we reach \(\sim 20\%\) improvement in the constraint of \(S_8=\sigma_8(\Omega_{\rm m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.788^{+0.018}_{-0.021}\) compared to the original DES 3\(\times\)2pt analysis. This gain is driven by the inclusion of small-scale cosmic shear information down to 2.5 arcmin, which was excluded in previous DES analyses that did not model baryonic physics. We obtain \(S_8=0.781^{+0.014}_{-0.015}\) for the combined DES Y1+Planck EE+BAO analysis with a non-informative \(Q_1\) prior. In terms of the baryon constraints, we measure \(Q_1=1.14^{+2.20}_{-2.80}\) for DES Y1 only and \(Q_1=1.42^{+1.63}_{-1.48}\) for DESY1+Planck EE+BAO, allowing us to exclude one of the most extreme AGN feedback hydrodynamical scenario at more than \(2 \sigma\).
Elution of antibody-Sepharose 4 B columns previously loaded with antigen by a linear concentration gradient of Na I or NaSCN, was used for the calculation of binding constants for the human IgG - ...anti human IgG system. The values obtained by this method showed good agreement with the values obtained by "stepwise" elution with different NaI concentrations, with the values obtained when the antigen was immobilized, and with the values determined in solution. The method employed appears as a simple and useful possibility for the determination or comparison of K values.
Binding constants for the human IgG-anti human IgG heavy chain were determined from elution profiles obtained by loading human IgG-Sepharose 4B columns with the antibody and eluting it at different ...NaI concentrations. The agreement between the value obtained at zero NaI concentration and the value determined in solution by equilibrium molecular sieving was good. An application of this column method should be useful for comparison of avidity values of antibody populations of the same specificity.
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