This study examined the view in Infra-humanization Theory that people tend to attribute more uniquely human emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. It also explored the moderating effect of ...ingroup identification, intergroup contact, and perceived conflict. The study examined samples of Arab and Jewish high-school students. As predicted, both groups attributed more uniquely human emotions to their ingroup than to the outgroup. Palestinian ingroup identification and familiarity with outgroup members tended to moderate the Arab participants' tendency to infra-humanize Jews. That is, Arab participants who weakly identified with the Palestinians, or reported greater familiarity with Jews, were significantly less likely to engage in infra-humanization. These findings provide new insights into factors which moderate infra-humanization and may suggest ways to reduce it.
JOB INSECURITY, STRESS AND GENDER Gaunt, Ruth; Benjamin, Orly
Community, work & family,
08/2007, Letnik:
10, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study examined the complex relationships between gender, job insecurity and job-related stress. Previous findings have suggested that men experience greater job insecurity than women, and are ...more vulnerable to job-related stress. The current study tested the hypothesis that the gender ideology of employees moderates the effect of gender on job insecurity and stress. Data were obtained by questionnaires from a sample of 203 married employees. The results showed that traditional men experience greater job insecurity than traditional women. However, as hypothesized, egalitarian men and women exhibited similar degrees of job insecurity. Furthermore, job insecurity in traditional men and in egalitarian men and women was related to loss of control stress, financial stress and stress expressions at home, whereas traditional women were relatively protected from job-related stress. These findings illuminate the important moderating role played by gender ideology in the relationships between gender, job insecurity and stress.
BackgroundAmbulance service employees have high sickness absence rates compared to other National Health Service (NHS) occupations. The aim of this study was to understand factors linked to sickness ...absence in front-line ambulance service staff by determining whether there was an association between work and daily (non-work-related) stress, coping styles, demographic variables (health conditions, overtime hours, length of time in service, shift pattern, age and sex) and sickness absence.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional design. An opportunity sampling method was utilised to recruit full-time clinical and management employees from a UK ambulance service to complete an online questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to determine whether and to what extent variation in sickness absence could be explained by the independent variables of interest listed.ResultsA total of 101 participants, including paramedics, team leaders and ambulance technicians, completed the questionnaire. Participants were aged 24 to 62 years (Mean M=45.29, Standard Deviation SD=9.97) with an average 13.8 years in the service (SD=9.67). Sickness absence rates ranged from 0 to 83.3% (M=8.92, SD=14.99). Work and daily stress, coping styles, overtime hours and the presence of a health condition accounted for 17.5% of the variance in sickness absence with adjusted R2 =13.2%. Work and daily stress, coping styles, overtime hours and the presence of a health condition significantly predicted sickness absence, F(5, 95) =4.039, p=0.002. Those with a health condition were 9.46 times more likely, on average, to have a leave of sickness absence.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the presence of a health condition may affect sickness absence more than stress and coping styles. When designing interventions, it may be important to consider preventative measures that improve staff well-being and health status while also reducing sickness absence rates.
This study tests alternative theoretical models of the division of household labor within a non-familial context of men and women operating homes for autistic children and adults. This context makes ...it possible to disentangle overlapping hypotheses that stem from competing models. A sample of 128 staff members completed extensive questionnaires. The analyses yielded considerably different patterns of results for men and women. The results for the men provided support for the relative resources model, showing that men's contributions to household labor decreased as their resources increased. The results for the women provided support for the human capital model, showing that women's contributions increased as their resources increased. The gender construction approach may account for these gender differences in the determinants of involvement, suggesting that men and women utilize their resources for 'doing gender'.
לפי תאוריית ייחוס תת-אנושיות (infrahumanization theory), אנשים נוטים לייחס לחברי קבוצתם יותר רגשות ייחודיים לבני אנוש, המכונים "רגשות משניים", מאשר לחברי קבוצת החוץ, וכך מציגים אותם כאנושיים יותר. ...תאוריה זו נבחנה במחקר הנוכחי במדגמים של 114 תלמידי תיכון ערבים ו-147 תלמידי תיכון יהודים. עוד נבחן במחקר עד כמה הייחוס של תת-אנושיות ממותן על-ידי גורמים כגון הזדהות עם קבוצת הפנים, מגע עם קבוצת החוץ ותפיסת הקונפליקט הלאומי המתמשך בין הקבוצות. כפי ששוער, בשני המדגמים נמצאה נטייה לייחס רגשות משניים רבים יותר לבני קבוצת הפנים מאשר לבני קבוצת החוץ. בהתאמה להשערות הנגזרות מהתאוריה, נטייה זו נמצאה בייחוס של רגשות משניים בלבד, ולא בייחוס של רגשות ראשוניים, הנתפסים כאופייניים הן לבני האדם והן לבעלי החיים. במדגם הערבי, תופעת ייחוס תת-אנושיות ליהודים הייתה מתונה משמעותית בקרב משתתפים שלא חשו הזדהות גבוהה עם קבוצתם וכן בקרב משתתפים שדיווחו על מגע רב עם יהודים. ממצאים אלה תומכים תמיכה נוספת בתאוריית ייחוס תת-אנושיות ומעלים תובנות חדשות לתנאי קיום התופעה ולגורמים העשויים למתנה. This study examined the view in Infra-humanization Theory that people tend to attribute more uniquely human emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. It also explored the moderating effect of ingroup identification, intergroup contact, and perceived conflict. The study examined samples of Arab and Jewish high-school students. As predicted, both groups attributed more uniquely human emotions to their ingroup than to the outgroup. Palestinian ingroup identification and familiarity with outgroup members tended to moderate the Arab participants' tendency to infra-humanize Jews. That is, Arab participants who weakly identified with the Palestinians, or reported greater familiarity with Jews, were significantly less likely to engage in infra-humanization. These findings provide new insights into factors which moderate infra-humanization and may suggest ways to reduce it.
Clinical studies have shown that female brains are more predisposed to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this disparity ...remain unknown. In several mouse models of AD, synaptic plasticity dysfunction is an early event and appears before significant accumulation of amyloid plaques and neuronal degeneration. However, it is unclear whether sexual dimorphism at the synaptic level contributes to the higher risk and prevalence of AD in females. Our studies on APP/PS1 (APPSwe/PS1dE9) mouse model show that AD impacts hippocampal long‐term plasticity in a sex‐specific manner. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by strong tetanic stimulation (STET), theta burst stimulation (TBS) and population spike timing‐dependent plasticity (pSTDP) show a faster decay in AD females compared with age‐matched AD males. In addition, behavioural tagging (BT), a model of associative memory, is specifically impaired in AD females with a faster decay in memory compared with males. Together with the plasticity and behavioural data, we also observed an upregulation of neuroinflammatory markers, along with downregulation of transcripts that regulate cellular processes associated with synaptic plasticity and memory in females. Immunohistochemistry of AD brains confirms that female APP/PS1 mice carry a higher amyloid plaque burden and have enhanced microglial activation compared with male APP/PS1 mice. Their presence in the diseased mice also suggests a link between the impairment of LTP and the upregulation of the inflammatory response. Overall, our data show that synaptic plasticity and associative memory impairments are more prominent in females and this might account for the faster progression of AD in females.
Sex‐specific study of synaptic plasticity and memory reveals female APP/PS1 mice carry a higher amyloid plaque burden and enhanced Iba‐1‐positive microglial activation compared with male APP/PS1. In addition, synaptic plasticity and associative memory impairments are also more prominent in females than in males.
JOB INSECURITY, STRESS AND GENDER Gaunt, Ruth; Benjamin, Orly
Community, work & family,
08/2007, Letnik:
10, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study examined the complex relationships between gender, job insecurity and job-related stress. Previous findings have suggested that men experience greater job insecurity than women, and are ...more vulnerable to job-related stress. The current study tested the hypothesis that the gender ideology of employees moderates the effect of gender on job insecurity and stress. Data were obtained by questionnaires from a sample of 203 married employees. The results showed that traditional men experience greater job insecurity than traditional women. However, as hypothesized, egalitarian men and women exhibited similar degrees of job insecurity. Furthermore, job insecurity in traditional men and in egalitarian men and women was related to loss of control stress, financial stress and stress expressions at home, whereas traditional women were relatively protected from job-related stress. These findings illuminate the important moderating role played by gender ideology in the relationships between gender, job insecurity and stress. Adapted from the source document.
According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and the outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments ...investigated how emotions that are considered uniquely (i.e. secondary emotions) and non uniquely (i.e. primary emotions) human (Demoulin et al., 2001a) are differentially associated with the ingroup and the outgroup. Using the Implicit Association Task (IAT) we found a stronger association of ingroup names with uniquely human emotions and of outgroup names with non uniquely human emotions, than the reverse. Whereas Study 2 used negative emotions, all other experiments used positive emotions. In Study 3, two IAT indices were collected: an emotional index and a standard evaluative one. While the outgroup was constituted by North African names in the first three studies, Study 4 staged French-speaking Belgians (i.e. the ingroup) versus Dutch-speaking Belgians (i.e. the outgroup). The results are discussed within the framework of psychological essentialism, according to which uniquely human characteristics form the essence of the ingroup.
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