We consider network coding for a noiseless broadcast channel, where each receiver demands a subset of the messages available at the transmitter and is equipped with noisy side information in the form ...of an erroneous version of the message symbols it demands. We view the message symbols as elements from a finite field and assume that the number of symbol errors in the noisy side information is upper bounded by a known constant. This communication problem, which we refer to as broadcasting with noisy side information (BNSI) , has applications in the re-transmission phase of downlink networks. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a linear coding scheme to satisfy the demands of all the receivers in a given BNSI network, and show that syndrome decoding can be used at the receivers to decode the demanded messages from the received codeword and the available noisy side information. We represent BNSI problems as bipartite graphs, and using this representation, classify the family of problems, where linear coding provides bandwidth savings compared to uncoded transmission. We provide a simple algorithm to determine if a given BNSI network belongs to this family of problems, i.e., to identify if linear coding provides an advantage over uncoded transmission for the given BNSI problem. We provide lower bounds and upper bounds on the optimal codelength and constructions of linear coding schemes based on linear error correcting codes. For any given BNSI problem, we construct an equivalent index coding problem. A linear code is a valid scheme for a BNSI problem if and only if it is valid for the constructed scalar linear index coding problem.
A common form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by firms is to agree to donate a fixed portion of private good revenues to a charitable cause. In this paper, we explore a new rationale for ...such CSR known commonly as Cause‐Related Marketing (CRM). We argue that linking private good purchase with charitable donations to a partnering nongovernmental organization (NGO) allows the firm to price discriminate between altruistic consumers who wish to make charitable donations out of their income and nonaltruistic consumers who do not place any value on such donations. The disparity in altruistic propensities translates into a difference in private good value which limits the firm's ability to extract consumer surplus in the private good market. Linking private good sales to charity brings down the variation in private good value and enables the firm to appropriate greater surplus. At the same time, by inducing nonaltruistic consumers to donate through their purchase of the charity‐linked good, CRM may also increase charitable donations to the NGO beyond the level that would be achieved under the standard voluntary contributions equilibrium. We extend our model to consider the effects of CRM on profits and donations when altruistic consumers can choose between donating directly to the NGO out of their income and donating through their purchase of the charity‐linked good. We consider this choice in the context of CRM advertising where firms make the altruism of their consumers public and thus provide exhibition value to donations made through the charity‐linked good. We find that the case for CRM strengthens when we allow the firm to appropriate exhibition utility through advertising while enabling greater donations for the NGO through direct donations as well as CRM.
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•Effect of working conditions on flow-conditions in hot-leg during LOCA are evaluated.•Gas flowrate is found as the key parameter and it should be low to avoid ...plugging.•Flow-conditions are characterized & categorized by pressure drop & volume fraction fluctuations.•Relation of flow-conditions with pressure drop & volume fraction variation are captured.•Dependency of the flow-conditions on the working conditions is successfully revealed.
Numerical and computational attempts are made to investigate and characterize the flow-condition in the hot-leg of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) during the loss of coolant accident (LOCA). Finite Volume-based Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is employed for transient numerical simulations of the two-phase hydrodynamics in hot-leg during LOCA. The turbulence effect is captured using ‘k-w’ model. Effect of individual fluid-flowrates and stored water (initial water-level), on the developed counter-current two-phase flow-structures in hot-leg are extensively studied. Variations of the spatial distribution of phases with time are evaluated. Flow-structures in the hot-leg are characterized and parameterized in terms of statistical parameters extracted from the time variation of pressure drop (PD) and volume fraction (VF) across the flow domain. Computational intelligence-based methodologies are developed to capture the complex nonlinear relationship between obtained flow-conditions (occurrence or absence of plugging/blocking) in the hot-leg and the extracted statistical parameters. A computational approach is also developed to find the dependency of occurrence or absence of plugging on the physical working conditions. Plugging is found to be most responsive to the gas-flowrate. Plugging/blocking is easily occurred at high gas-flowrate. It may occur even at moderate gas-flowrate when initial stored water-level in hot-leg crosses the threshold limit. It is found that the developed methodologies are able to perfectly capture the relationship between the flow-condition (occurrence or absence of plugging) in hot-leg and the said statistical parameters. The relation between the flow-condition in the hot-leg and the working conditions is also perfectly correlated by the developed computational approach.
Solid Pseudopapillary Tumour (SPT) is a rare and distinctive pancreatic exocrine neoplasm. Even Rarely, such primary SPT may originate from ectopic pancreatic tissues. We are hereby presenting one ...such unique case, where a 50-year-old female presented with pain and a mid-abdominal lump. Radiology revealed a well-defined outline located adjacent to the tail of pancreas. The excised mass was 19×14×7cm in dimension having zones of haemorrhage, necrosis and cystic spaces filled with necrotic debris. Microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of SPT. SPT originating in extrapancreatic location may mimic an ovarian cystic tumours or mesenteric cysts, its proper identification is crucial.
A regio- and stereoselective allylation of N-unsubstituted anilines has been developed that explores aryl allenes as masked allyl synthons and a combination of Mg(OTf)2/HFIP as an effective proton ...source. The protocol is operationally simple and scalable and offers high yields of diverse p-allyl anilines bearing an olefin motif with exclusive E-geometry. The methodology was also suitable for the regioselective allylation of indole and can be advanced in a three-component reaction mode using NIS activator. The alteration of the catalytic system with TfOH resulted in the regioselective difunctionalization of allenes, which follows an allylation/hydroarylation cascade.
In the present work, we demonstrate a regioselective 2 + 2 + 2 cyclotrimerization of 1,3-diynes catalyzed by Ni0 to provide hexasubstituted benzenes (HSBs). HSBs have significant applications as ...functional materials and pharmaceuticals. The present protocol exhibited remarkable versatility, transforming 1,3-diynes with diverse alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic groups to the corresponding HSBs. With the help of control experiments and density functional theory (DFT), the mechanism of the reaction and the origin of regioselectivity were elucidated.
Experimentations are conducted, and kerosene-water counter-current two-phase flow-structure in a duct of 15 mm diameter are identified, categorized, and characterized in five duct-orientations for ...different combinations of kerosene and water superficial velocities. Some unique counter-current liquid-liquid flow-structures, which have not yet been reported till date, are found through the present experimental investigation. Flow-structures’ interfacial distributions and highly time-varying attributes are captured using a high-resolution DSLR camera and a high-speed video camera, respectively, to distinguish and identify them. The subjective descriptions may confuse the observer. Thus, the objective interpretations of the flow-structures are collected as time-series current and voltage signals using a DPT and in-house fabricated conductivity probes, respectively. Statistical analyses of the time-series data are performed, and statistical parameters are extracted using MATLAB coding. The flow-structures are successfully parameterized and characterized in terms of the ‘non-parametric probability distribution (NPPD)’ plots and those statistical parameters of the objective signatures. These extracted NPPD plots and statistical parameters are found to be very useful for recognizing and distinguishing the individual flow-structures.
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•Novel liquid-liquid CCTPF-structures in a 15 mm ID tube for 5 flow-orientations are experimentally identified.•High-resolution images of the developed complex flow-structures are recorded using a DSLR camera.•Flow-structures’ rapidly time-varying attributes are captured by high-speed videography using a high-speed camera.•Flow-structures’ objective interpretations are collected using DPT and in-house fabricated CP.•Flow-regimes are expressed using the NPPD plots and statistical parameters of the objective interpretations.
In the present work, we demonstrate a regioselective 2 + 2 + 2 cyclotrimerization of 1,3-diynes catalyzed by Ni
to provide hexasubstituted benzenes (HSBs). HSBs have significant applications as ...functional materials and pharmaceuticals. The present protocol exhibited remarkable versatility, transforming 1,3-diynes with diverse alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic groups to the corresponding HSBs. With the help of control experiments and density functional theory (DFT), the mechanism of the reaction and the origin of regioselectivity were elucidated.
Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) stands out as a versatile solvent in synthetic chemists’ repertoire, facilitating a diverse array of intricate chemical reactions. It demonstrates a multifaceted role ...that extends beyond conventional uses and, in many cases, the mechanism appears to be complicated. This feature article elucidates the significance of HFIP in the context of Lewis and Brønsted acid‐catalyzed reactions with a specific emphasis on the regio‐ and stereoselective functionalization of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds.
This mini‐review emphasizes the versatility and significance of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent in Lewis and Brønsted acid‐catalyzed reactions, primality focusing on the regio‐ and stereoselective functionalization of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds (alkenes, alkynes, and allenes). The complexity of its mechanisms adds depth to its utility beyond conventional solvent applications.
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