This paper presents a series of seven essays and three appendices that deal with the exchange rate debate that has taken place in the last three years in the Argentine economy, in which together with ...a group of colleagues we have taken a position that Implies an absolutely opposite view with which they have been studying these subjects in the last 40 years. The divergence has much of its origin in a huge set of fallacies emerging from John Maynard Keynes’s “General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money” published in 1936, whose bad influences extend to this day and that , Along with local structuralism, have caused so much damage to the economy of the country and its inhabitants.
En el presente trabajo se expone una serie de siete ensayos y tres apéndices que se ocupan del debate en materia cambiaria que ha tomado lugar en los últimos tres años en la economía Argentina, en el cual, junto a un grupo de colegas hemos tomado una posición que implica una visión absolutamente opuesta con las que se han estado estudiando estos temas en los últimos 40 años. La divergencia tiene gran parte de su origen en un conjunto enorme de falacias emergentes de la “Teoría general del empleo, el interés y el dinero” de John Maynard Keynes publicada en el año 1936, cuyas malas influencias se extienden aún hasta nuestros días y que, junto al estructuralismo local, tanto daño han causado a la economía del país y sus habitantes.Palabras Clave: economia monetaria; política monetaria; tipo de cambio; inflación.Código JEL: E3, E52.
Brain cells express extremely different sensitivity to ischemic insults. The reason for this differential vulnerability is still largely unknown. Here we discuss the ionic bases underlying the ...physiological responses to in vitro ischemia in two neostriatal neuronal subtypes exhibiting respectively high sensitivity and high resistance to energy deprivation. Vulnerable neostriatal neurons respond to ischemia with a membrane depolarization. This membrane depolarization mainly depends on the increased permeability to Na+ ions. In contrast, resistant neostriatal neurons respond to ischemia with a membrane hyperpolarization due to the opening of K+ channels. Interestingly, in both neuronal subtypes the ischemia-dependent membrane potential changes can be significantly enhanced or attenuated by a variety of pharmacological agents interfering with intracellular Ca2+ entry, ATP-dependent K+ channels opening, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger functioning. The understanding of the ionic mechanisms underlying the differential membrane responses to ischemia represents the basis for the development of rational neuroprotective treatments during acute cerebrovascular insults.
In this study, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor hand area was used to test cortical excitability in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to ...TMS were studied at rest by utilising distinct paired-pulse TMS protocols. Out of 29 untreated PD patients and 29 healthy subjects, early cortical inhibition (1-6 ms) was studied in a first subgroup of 17 PD patients and 15 healthy subjects, whereas late cortical inhibition (20-200 ms) was studied in a second subgroup of 21 PD patients and 19 healthy subjects. In all PD patients the same TMS protocols were performed before and after 3 h of apomorphine infusion. In comparison to healthy subjects, untreated PD patients showed a significant reduction of both early and late cortical inhibition, which was maximal at 2-3 ms, and at 80-100 ms, respectively. Apomorphine administration consistently reversed all the MEP abnormalities found in PD patients. The lack of TMS effects on the Hoffman's reflex (HR), at those intervals revealing the reduced inhibition in PD patients, is compatible with a supraspinal origin of the observed MEP abnormalities. Our data suggest that the cortical and/or subcortical loss of dopaminergic transmission in PD patients is associated with impaired motor cortical inhibitory mechanisms, as tested by a decreased early and late MEP inhibition.
Targeted re-sequencing in pediatric and perinatal stroke Grossi, Alice; Severino, Mariasavina; Rusmini, Marta ...
European journal of medical genetics,
November 2020, 2020-Nov, 2020-11-00, 20201101, Letnik:
63, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Pediatric and perinatal stroke can present as an early symptom in undiagnosed syndromes characterized by simple Mendelian inheritance. In order to diagnose those patients affected with a monogenic ...disorder in which an arterial cerebrovascular event or arteriopathy may have preceded any other specific symptom, we aimed to establish and validate a targeted gene panel, and to determine its diagnostic yield and clinical utility. To this end, thirty-eight patients were selected with heterogeneous cryptogenic stroke phenotypes, mostly including multiple and recurrent ischemic or hemorrhagic arterial strokes and porencephalies, variably associated with calcifications, intracranial or systemic steno-occlusive arteriopathies, positive family history, and syndromic conditions. Clinical and neuroradiological data were collected for every patient enrolled in the study, and DNA samples were tested by means of a customized gene panel including 15 genes associated with known genetic diseases related to pediatric stroke. In four patients (10.5%) the analyses unraveled pathogenetic variants in ABCC6 and COL4A1 genes, leading to a definite genetic diagnosis with a great beneficial impact on patients management, while results were null in the remaining patients. These findings suggest a high complexity and variability of the included stroke phenotypes, that could not be fully accounted for by the genes tested in the present study. A wider gene panel or an unbiased genomic approach may be better suited and advisable to explain a greater proportion of pediatric and perinatal stroke events.
•Stroke and cerebrovascular disorders cause morbidity and mortality also in children.•A targeted gene panel has been developed for simple disorders with arterial stroke.•Diagnosis and clinical management has been improved for specific stroke-associated genetic diseases.•Genes tested do not fully account for complex stroke associated clinical phenotypes.
