Rusiją galima vadinti pagrindiniu Lietuvos tarptautinių santykių ekspertųtyrimų gravitacijos centru, kurio nuolat svarstomą problematikąpasitelkus tiriami Lietuvos santykiai su jos kaimynėmis, ...partnerėmisir tarptautinėmis organizacijomis. Kadangi visiškas Rusijos pažinimasneįmanomas, referuojant į žymiąją Winstono Churchillio frazę,galima daryti prielaidą, kad Rusijos tyrimai ar sąsajos su ja ateitiestyrimuose sudarys apčiuopiamiausią Lietuvos tarptautinių santykiųtyrimų dalį. Jeigu Rusija amžinai liks už visiško pažinimo ribų, taigal ją galima bent bandyti nuspėti, nubrėžti bent plačius veikimo parametrus,analizuojant jos veiksmus tarptautinėje erdvėje ir procesusvidaus politikoje, vyraujančias idėjas ir pasaulio suvokimą? Bent išdalies. Identifikuojant minėtus didžiosios kaimynės elementus, kolektyvinėjemonografijoje „Rusijos raidos scenarijai: implikacijosLietuvos ir regiono saugumui“ bandoma ją pažinti, siekiant numatytiveiksmus ir jų poveikį Lietuvos saugumui.
Conclusions Česnakas, Giedrius; Juozaitis, Justinas
European Strategic Autonomy and Small States' Security,
2023, Letnik:
1
Book Chapter
The final chapter summarizes small states' perceptions of European strategic autonomy, highlighting their expectations, concerns, and areas, where they interests contradict or converge. The case ...studies suggest that national approaches mainly stem from pragmatic national security and foreign policy considerations ignoring grand geostrategic ideas (Atlanticist and Continentalist cleavages). Though small EU member states arrive at different conclusions concerning European strategic autonomy, their approaches to its fundamental outputs are surprisingly similar at their core. Critics and champions alike bring forward policy proposals within the framework of European strategic autonomy that could benefit their security if NATO and the EU clearly share their responsibilities in the European security architecture.
In contemporary international security system new elements of security appears on the stage and energy security is this kind of element. The importance of energy security grows along with the growing ...dependency of states on the energy resources, and also by growing rivalry in international system for control of the resources. Energy resources are becoming part of economy, foreign policy and as well as various security elements.
Analysing states through prism of energy security it is possible to indentify the main actors in the filed of energy security, to distinguish levels of their influence, to determine their links and interactions. This allows constructing global energy security system.
Article distinguishes three types of states in the field of energy security: producers, consumers and transit states. These types of states interact with each other and this interaction is a core of energy security for individual states and global system. Producers are the most influential group followed by consumers as transit states that are dependent on the relations between producers and consumers.
Producers and consumers through changes in energy security can influence regional and global security as changes in global and regional security (also energy security) interacts with each other. Transnational actors and global economical factors could influence global or regional energy security.
Geographical distribution of energy resources influences relations between producers, consumers and transit states as well as influences global and regional energy security.
Geographical positions and climatic conditions influence energy security of individual states and their interaction.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Vokietijos žaliųjų partijos ir aplinkosaugos nevyriausybinių organizacijų įtaka Vokietijos branduolinės energetikos vystymuisi. Empirinis tyrimas atliktas remiantis ...susirašinėjimais su Vokietijos žaliųjų partija ir aplinkosaugos nevyriausybinėmis organizacijomis. Straipsnyje atskleidžiama, kad Fukušimos nelaimė ir aktyvi aplinkosaugos NVO veikla prieš branduolinę energetiką – pagrindinės priežastys, dėl ko buvo priimtas sprendimas uždaryti branduolines elektrines Vokietijoje. Atlikus Žaliųjų partijos veiklos, nukreiptos į atominės energetikos atsisakymą, analizę, paaiškėjo: Vokietijos žaliųjų partija – pirmoji iniciatorė, siekiant uždaryti visas Vokietijos atomines jėgaines. Aktyvi ir sėkminga žaliųjų partijos ir nevyriausybinių organizacijų veikla Vokietijoje susijusi su postmodernių vertybių akcentavimu šalies visuomenėje.
This article examines Green Party and environmental non-governmental organizations influence on the German nuclear development. The study was based on correspondence with the Green Party and environmental non-governmental organizations. This article seeks to demonstrate that the Fukushima disaster and environmental NGOs active participation in anti-nuclear activities are the main reasons which led to the decision to close all nuclear power plants in Germany. In addition, analysis of the Green Party activities against nuclear energy, indicates that the Green Party was first who initiated closure of all nuclear power plants in Germany.
After the collapse of Soviet Union in Central Asia geopolitical vacuum formed where the major powers of the world, including neighbors of republics of Central Asia, tried there to increase their ...influence. Interests in gaining influence in Central Asia were determined not only by common interest spheres of realism, as increasing geopolitical power or power restriction of possible rivals, but also aspects of neorealism like energy security and economical influence, which are even more important. In that way, pipelines of energetic resources are not only in sphere of economical interest, but also is the way of gaining geopolitical power.
Russia, as the dominant power in Eurasian continent, tries to regain its lost impact on Central Asia after collapse of Soviet Union. After 1991 it started to plan the ways of expansion its economical and political power to Central Asia through development of oil and gas transportation pipelines which pass its territory. After gaining independence, republics of Central Asia didn’t have clear vision of their foreign policy, and their ties with Russia were still very strong and determined by common history and political culture, so Russia could do stronger impact on gaining beneficial pipelines routes, in that way eventually, strengthening its influence in world market of energy resources and also international politics. The President of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin greatly influenced Russian foreign politics based on energy resources and transportation routes, which helps Russia to regain influence in all other spheres.
Western countries, and United States in the first place, acting on their own and through their partners, mainly Turkey, tied to gain greater influence in Central Asia through diversifying pipelines routes, and avoiding routes through Russian territory. In that way, European countries would become more independent from Russian energy politics in the region, and also Central Asia countries could maintain their preferred energy and foreign policy, avoiding Russian impact on they decisions. Countries with energy resources and without need using Russian transportation pipelines obviously strengthen their geopolitical positions as well as influence of Western counties, and become more independent from Russia. In such case there appears Azerbaijan, which becomes the main window of transportation of oil and natural gas of Central Asia to the world market, without any need passing Russia. For such economic and political projects United States donate and invest lots of money, for example “Baku–Supsa” or “Baku–Tbilisi–Ceychan” projects need billions of dollars, but investment repays not only in economic, but also in geopolitical profit – countries become part of Western cultural influence.
In conclusion it is needless to say that Central Asia is now situated between two opposite vectors of influence Western and Russian, if not to bear in mind influence of China upon republics. In such tense situation the
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