BACKGROUND:Transthyretin amyloidosis cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure in older individuals. We sought to characterize the natural history of ATTR-CM and ...compare outcomes and quality of life among patients with acquired and hereditary forms of the disease.
METHODS:We studied 711 patients with wild-type ATTR-CM, 205 with hereditary ATTR-CM associated with the V1221 variant (V122I-hATTR-CM), and 118 with non-V122I-hATTR-CM at the UK National Amyloidosis Center between 2000 and 2017. Patients underwent prospective protocolized evaluations comprising assessment of cardiac parameters, functional status by 6-minute walk test, quality of life according to the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, and survival. Hospital service usage pre- and postdiagnosis was established using English central health records in a subset of patients.
RESULTS:There was substantial diagnostic delay, with patients using hospital services a median (interquartile range) of 17 (9–27) times during the 3 years before diagnosis, by which time quality of life was poor; diagnosis of wild-type ATTR-CM was delayed >4 years after presentation with cardiac symptoms in 42% of cases. Patients with V122I-hATTR-CM were more impaired functionally (P<0.001) and had worse measures of cardiac disease (P<0.001) at the time of diagnosis, a greater decline in quality of life, and poorer survival (P<0.001) in comparison with the other subgroups.
CONCLUSIONS:ATTR-CM is an inexorably progressive and eventually fatal cardiomyopathy associated with poor quality of life. Diagnosis is often delayed for many years after symptoms develop. Improved awareness and wider use of recently validated diagnostic imaging methods are urgently required for patients to benefit from recent therapeutic developments.
Native T1 Mapping in Transthyretin Amyloidosis Fontana, Marianna, MD; Banypersad, Sanjay M., MB ChB; Treibel, Thomas A., MBBS ...
JACC. Cardiovascular imaging,
02/2014, Letnik:
7, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Objectives The aims of the study were to explore the ability of native myocardial T1 mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance to: 1) detect cardiac involvement in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis ...(ATTR amyloidosis); 2) track the cardiac amyloid burden; and 3) detect early disease. Background ATTR amyloidosis is an underdiagnosed cause of heart failure, with no truly quantitative test. In cardiac immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis), T1 has high diagnostic accuracy and tracks disease. Here, the diagnostic role of native T1 mapping in the other key type of cardiac amyloid, ATTR amyloidosis, is assessed. Methods A total of 3 groups were studied: ATTR amyloid patients (n = 85; 70 males, age 73 ± 10 years); healthy individuals with transthyretin mutations in whom standard cardiac investigations were normal (n = 8; 3 males, age 47 ± 6 years); and AL amyloid patients (n = 79; 55 males, age 62 ± 10 years). These were compared with 52 healthy volunteers and 46 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). All underwent T1 mapping (shortened modified look-locker inversion recovery); ATTR patients and mutation carriers also underwent cardiac 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylicacid (DPD) scintigraphy. Results T1 was elevated in ATTR patients compared with HCM and normal subjects (1,097 ± 43 ms vs. 1,026 ± 64 ms vs. 967 ± 34 ms, respectively; both p < 0.0001). In established cardiac ATTR amyloidosis, T1 elevation was not as high as in AL amyloidosis (AL 1,130 ± 68 ms; p = 0.01). Diagnostic performance was similar for AL and ATTR amyloid (vs. HCM: AL area under the curve 0.84 95% confidence interval: 0.76 to 0.92; ATTR area under the curve 0.85 95% confidence interval: 0.77 to 0.92; p < 0.0001). T1 tracked cardiac amyloid burden as determined semiquantitatively by DPD scintigraphy (p < 0.0001). T1 was not elevated in mutation carriers (952 ± 35 ms) but was in isolated DPD grade 1 (n = 9, 1,037 ± 60 ms; p = 0.001). Conclusions Native myocardial T1 mapping detects cardiac ATTR amyloid with similar diagnostic performance and disease tracking to AL amyloid, but with lower maximal T1 elevation, and appears to be an early disease marker.
Objectives This study was devised to describe the different cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) appearances in light chain amyloid (AL) and transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR). Background CMR is ...increasingly used to investigate patients with suspected amyloidosis. Global subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has been reported as typical of AL amyloidosis, whereas different patterns have been noted in ATTR amyloidosis. Methods We performed de novo analyses on original DICOM magnetic resonance imaging in 46 patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis and 51 patients with ATTR type who had been referred to a specialist amyloidosis center between 2007 and 2012 after CMR. Histological examination was performed in all cases, with immunohistochemistry, to confirm systemic amyloidosis. Results Patients' median age was 68 ± 10 years, and 74% were male. Left ventricular mass was markedly increased in ATTR amyloidosis (228 g 202 to 267 g) compared with AL type (167 g 137 to 191 g) (p < 0.001). LGE was detected in all but 1 cardiac amyloidosis patient (AL type) and was substantially more extensive in ATTR compared with AL amyloidosis. Ninety percent of ATTR patients demonstrated transmural LGE compared with 37% of AL patients (p < 0.001). Right ventricular LGE was apparent in all ATTR patients but in only 33 AL patients (72%) (p < 0.001). Despite these findings, survival was significantly better in cardiac ATTR amyloidosis compared with AL type. We derived an LGE scoring system (Query Amyloid Late Enhancement) that independently differentiated ATTR from AL amyloidosis and, when incorporated into a logistic regression model with age and wall thickness, detected ATTR type with 87% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Conclusions Transmural patterns of LGE distinguished ATTR from AL cardiac amyloidosis with high accuracy in this real-world analysis of CMR. Precise diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is crucial given the role of chemotherapy in AL type and with novel therapies for ATTR type currently in development.
Abstract
Aims
Cardiac transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is an increasingly recognized, progressive, and fatal cardiomyopathy, the natural history of which remains unclear. We sought to establish and ...validate a new prognostic staging system applicable to patients with both wild-type ATTR (ATTRwt) and hereditary variant ATTR (ATTRv) amyloid cardiomyopathy.
Methods and results
Eight hundred and sixty-nine patients with cardiac ATTR amyloidosis (553 with ATTRwt and 316 with ATTRv) attending the UK National Amyloidosis Centre were stratified into three disease stages at baseline on the basis of cut points in two universally measured biomarkers, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Stage I was defined as NT-proBNP ≤3000 ng/L and eGFR ≥45 ml/min, Stage III was defined as NT-proBNP >3000 ng/L and eGFR <45 ml/min, and the remainder were Stage II. The staging system was validated in a cohort of 318 patients with cardiac ATTR amyloidosis from France. Median survival among 393 (45%) Stage I patients was 69.2 months, 334 (38%) Stage II patients was 46.7 months, and 142 (16%) Stage III patients was 24.1 months (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, compared with Stage I, the hazard ratio (HR) for death for Stage II was 2.05 confidence interval (CI) 1.54–2.72, P < 0.001 and for Stage III was 3.80 (CI 2.73–5.28, P < 0.001). HRs and statistical significance were little altered by transthyretin genotype and were maintained in the validation cohort.
Conclusion
This simple, universally applicable staging system stratifies patients with both ATTRwt and ATTRv amyloid cardiomyopathy into prognostic categories. It will be of value in the design of forthcoming clinical trials of novel amyloid-specific therapies.
Abstract
Aims
Transthyretin amyloidosis cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure. We sought to characterize the structural and functional echocardiographic ...phenotype across the spectrum of wild-type (wtATTR-CM) and hereditary (hATTR-CM) transthyretin cardiomyopathy and the echocardiographic features predicting prognosis.
Methods and results
We studied 1240 patients with ATTR-CM who underwent prospective protocolized evaluations comprising full echocardiographic assessment and survival between 2000 and 2019, comprising 766 with wtATTR-CM and 474 with hATTR-CM, of whom 314 had the V122I variant and 127 the T60A variant. At diagnosis, patients with V122I-hATTR-CM had the most severe degree of systolic and diastolic dysfunction across all echocardiographic parameters and patients with T60AhATTR-CM the least; patients with wtATTR-CM had intermediate features. Stroke volume index, right atrial area index, longitudinal strain, and E/e’ were all independently associated with mortality (P < 0.05 for all). Severe aortic stenosis (AS) was also independently associated with prognosis, conferring a significantly shorter survival (median survival 22 vs. 53 months, P = 0.001).
Conclusion
The three distinct genotypes present with varying degrees of severity. Echocardiography indicates a complex pathophysiology in which both systolic and diastolic function are independently associated with mortality. The presence of severe AS was independently associated with significantly reduced patient survival.
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is increasingly diagnosed at an early stage of the disease natural history, defined as National Amyloidosis Centre (NAC) ATTR Stage I. The natural ...history of early-stage ATTR-CM remains poorly characterized.
A retrospective multi-centre observational study of 879 patients with ATTR-CM, either wild-type TTR genotype or carrying the p.V142I TTR variant, and NAC ATTR Stage I biomarkers at the time of diagnosis who did not receive disease-modifying therapy for amyloidosis. Disease characteristics at diagnosis that were independently associated with mortality by Cox regression analysis were N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), TTR genotype, and troponin T. Patients were categorized into NAC ATTR Stage Ia, defined as a furosemide equivalent diuretic requirement of <0.75 mg/kg and an NT-proBNP ≤500 ng/L or ≤1000 ng/L in the presence of atrial fibrillation, and NAC ATTR Stage Ib comprising all remaining Stage I patients. Median estimated survival among the 88% NAC ATTR Stage Ib patients was 75 (95% CI 57-93) months compared with >100 months in the 12% with Stage Ia disease hazard ratio for death 5.06 (95% confidence interval 1.23-20.87); P = 0.025 despite significant cardiovascular morbidity at the time of diagnosis which increased during follow-up, including among patients diagnosed in NAC ATTR Stage Ia. Estimated survival among UK NAC ATTR Stage Ia patients was comparable to UK general population controls (P = 0.297).
Patients with NAC ATTR Stage I ATTR-CM can be further stratified according to NT-proBNP concentration and diuretic requirement at diagnosis. Patients with Stage Ia ATTR-CM have significant cardiovascular morbidity despite good short- and mid-term survival.
Congo red staining of an endomyocardial biopsy is the diagnostic gold-standard in suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA), but the procedure is associated with the risk, albeit small, of serious ...complications, and delay in diagnosis due to the requirement for technical expertise. In contrast, abdominal fat pad fine needle aspiration (FPFNA) is a simple, safe and well-established procedure in systemic amyloidosis, but its diagnostic sensitivity in patients with suspected CA remains unclear.
We assessed the diagnostic sensitivity of FPFNA in 600 consecutive patients diagnosed with CA 216 AL amyloidosis, 113 hereditary transthyretin (ATTRm), and 271 wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) amyloidosis at our Centre. Amyloid was detected on Congo red staining of FPFNAs in 181/216 (84%) patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis, including 100, 97, and 78% of those with a large, moderate, and small whole-body amyloid burden, respectively, as assessed by serum amyloid P (SAP) component scintigraphy (P < 0.001); the deposits were successfully typed as AL by immunohistochemistry in 102/216 (47%) cases. Amyloid was detected in FPFNAs of 51/113 (45%) patients with ATTRm CA, and only 42/271 (15%) cases with ATTRwt CA.
FPFNA has reasonable diagnostic sensitivity in cardiac AL amyloidosis, particularly in patients with a large whole-body amyloid burden. Although the diagnostic sensitivity of FPFNA is substantially lower in transthyretin CA, particularly ATTRwt, it may nevertheless sometimes obviate the need for endomyocardial biopsy.
The aim of this study was to characterize left atrial (LA) pathology in explanted hearts with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM); LA mechanics using echocardiographic speckle-tracking in ...a large cohort of patients with ATTR-CM; and to study the association with mortality.
The clinical significance of LA involvement in ATTR-CM is of great clinical interest.
Congo red staining and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the presence, type, and extent of amyloid and associated changes in 5 explanted ATTR-CM atria. Echo speckle tracking was used to assess LA reservoir, conduit, contractile function, and stiffness in 906 patients with ATTR-CM (551 wild-type (wt)-ATTR-CM; 93 T60A-ATTR-CM; 241 V122I-ATTR-CM; 21 other).
There was extensive ATTR amyloid infiltration in the 5 atria, with loss of normal architecture, vessels remodeling, capillary disruption, and subendocardial fibrosis. Echo speckle tracking in 906 patients with ATTR-CM demonstrated increased atrial stiffness (median 25th-75th quartile 1.83 1.15-2.92) that remained independently associated with prognosis after adjusting for known predictors (lnLA stiff: HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03-1.49; P = 0.029). There was substantial impairment of the 3 phasic functional atrial components (reservoir 8.86% 5.94%-12.97%; conduit 6.5% 4.53%-9.28%; contraction function 4.0% 2.29%-6.56%). Atrial contraction was absent in 22.1% of patients whose electrocardiograms showed sinus rhythm (SR) “atrial electromechanical dissociation” (AEMD). AEMD was associated with poorer prognosis compared with patients with SR and effective mechanical contraction (P = 0.0018). AEMD conferred a similar prognosis to patients in atrial fibrillation.
The phenotype of ATTR-CM includes significant infiltration of the atrial walls, with progressive loss of atrial function and increased stiffness, which is a strong independent predictor of mortality. AEMD emerged as a distinctive phenotype identifying patients in SR with poor prognosis.
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Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, mediated by glomerular antibody deposition to an increasing number of newly recognised antigens. Previous case ...reports have suggested an association between patients with anti-contactin-1 (CNTN1)-mediated neuropathies and MGN. In an observational study we investigated the pathobiology and extent of this potential cause of MGN by examining the association of antibodies against CNTN1 with the clinical features of a cohort of 468 patients with suspected immune-mediated neuropathies, 295 with idiopathic MGN, and 256 controls. Neuronal and glomerular binding of patient IgG, serum CNTN1 antibody and protein levels, as well as immune-complex deposition were determined. We identified 15 patients with immune-mediated neuropathy and concurrent nephrotic syndrome (biopsy proven MGN in 12/12), and 4 patients with isolated MGN from an idiopathic MGN cohort, all seropositive for IgG4 CNTN1 antibodies. CNTN1-containing immune complexes were found in the renal glomeruli of patients with CNTN1 antibodies, but not in control kidneys. CNTN1 peptides were identified in glomeruli by mass spectroscopy. CNTN1 seropositive patients were largely resistant to first-line neuropathy treatments but achieved a good outcome with escalation therapies. Neurological and renal function improved in parallel with suppressed antibody titres. The reason for isolated MGN without clinical neuropathy is unclear. We show that CNTN1, found in peripheral nerves and kidney glomeruli, is a common target for autoantibody-mediated pathology and may account for between 1 and 2% of idiopathic MGN cases. Greater awareness of this cross-system syndrome should facilitate earlier diagnosis and more timely use of effective treatment.
This study evaluated clinical features, organ function, and survival in a group of 374 patients with amyloid A amyloidosis. Median survival after diagnosis was 133 months; renal dysfunction was the ...predominant disease manifestation. Mortality, amyloid burden, and renal prognosis all significantly correlated with the serum amyloid A concentration during follow-up.
This study evaluated clinical features, organ function, and survival in a group of 374 patients with amyloid A amyloidosis. Median survival after diagnosis was 133 months; renal dysfunction was the predominant disease manifestation.
Reactive systemic AA amyloidosis can complicate chronic inflammatory disorders that are associated with a sustained acute-phase response. AA amyloid fibrils are derived from the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A protein (SAA) protein through a process of cleavage, misfolding, and aggregation into a highly ordered abnormal β-sheet conformation.
1
Amyloid fibrils associate with other moieties, including glycosaminoglycans and serum amyloid P component (SAP), forming deposits that disrupt the structure and function of tissues and organs.
2
SAA is an apolipoprotein constituent of high-density lipoprotein
3
that is synthesized by hepatocytes under the transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
4
The median plasma concentration of SAA in . . .
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