BACKGROUND: Cruciferous vegetable (CV) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of several cancers in epidemiologic studies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ...watercress (a CV) supplementation on biomarkers related to cancer risk in healthy adults. DESIGN: A single-blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted in 30 men and 30 women (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) with a mean age of 33 y (range: 19-55 y). The subjects were fed 85 g raw watercress daily for 8 wk in addition to their habitual diet. The effect of supplementation was measured on a range of endpoints, including DNA damage in lymphocytes (with the comet assay), activity of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) in erythrocytes, plasma antioxidants (retinol, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, lutein, and β-carotene), plasma total antioxidant status with the use of the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay, and plasma lipid profile. RESULTS: Watercress supplementation (active compared with control phase) was associated with reductions in basal DNA damage (by 17%; P = 0.03), in basal plus oxidative purine DNA damage (by 23.9%; P = 0.002), and in basal DNA damage in response to ex vivo hydrogen peroxide challenge (by 9.4%; P = 0.07). Beneficial changes seen after watercress intervention were greater and more significant in smokers than in nonsmokers. Plasma lutein and β-carotene increased significantly by 100% and 33% (P < 0.001), respectively, after watercress supplementation. CONCLUSION: The results support the theory that consumption of watercress can be linked to a reduced risk of cancer via decreased damage to DNA and possible modulation of antioxidant status by increasing carotenoid concentrations.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer incidence worldwide. Lifestyle factors, especially dietary intake, affect the risk of CRC development. Suitable risk biomarkers are required in ...order to assess the effect that specific dietary components have on CRC risk. The relationship between dietary intake and indicators of fecal water activity has been assessed using cell and animal models as well as human studies. This review summarizes the literature on fecal water and dietary components with a view to establishing further the potential role of fecal water as a source of CRC risk biomarkers. The literature indicates that fecal water activity markers are affected by specific dietary components linked with CRC risk: red meat, saturated fats, bile acids, and fatty acids are associated with an increase in fecal water toxicity, while the converse appears to be true for calcium, probiotics, and prebiotics. However, it must be acknowledged that the study of fecal water is still in its infancy and a number of issues need to be addressed before its usefulness can be truly gauged.
Seaweed and human health Brown, Emma M; Allsopp, Philip J; Magee, Pamela J ...
Nutrition reviews,
March 2014, Letnik:
72, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Seaweeds may have an important role in modulating chronic disease. Rich in unique bioactive compounds not present in terrestrial food sources, including different proteins (lectins, ...phycobiliproteins, peptides, and amino acids), polyphenols, and polysaccharides, seaweeds are a novel source of compounds with potential to be exploited in human health applications. Purported benefits include antiviral, anticancer, and anticoagulant properties as well as the ability to modulate gut health and risk factors for obesity and diabetes. Though the majority of studies have been performed in cell and animal models, there is evidence of the beneficial effect of seaweed and seaweed components on markers of human health and disease status. This review is the first to critically evaluate these human studies, aiming to draw attention to gaps in current knowledge, which will aid the planning and implementation of future studies.
Phenolic catabolites excreted by fasting subjects with a functioning colon and ileostomists on a low (poly)phenol diet have been investigated. Urine was collected over a 12 h fasting period after ...adherence to a low (poly)phenol diet for 36 h. UHPLC-HR-MS quantified 77 phenolics. Some were present in the urine of both groups in similar trace amounts and others were excreted in higher amounts by participants with a colon indicating the involvement of the microbiota. Most were present in sub- or low-µmol amounts, but hippuric acid dominated accounting on average for 60% of the total for both volunteer categories indicating significant production from sources other than non-nutrient dietary (poly)phenols. The potential origins of the phenolics associated with the low (poly)phenol diet, include endogenous catecholamines, surplus tyrosine and phenylalanine, and washout of catabolites derived from pre-study intakes of non-nutrient dietary (poly)phenols.
Dietary polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols (F3O), are associated with better health outcomes. The relationship of plasma phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs), the products of colonic bacterial metabolism ...of F3O, with dietary intakes is unclear.
To investigate whether plasma PVLs are associated with self-reported intakes of total F3O and procyanidins+(epi)catechins.
We measured 9 PVLs by uHPLC-MS-MS in plasma from adults (>60y) in the Trinity-Ulster-Department of Agriculture (TUDA study (2008 to 2012; n=5186) and a follow-up subset (2014 to 2018) with corresponding dietary data (n=557). Dietary (poly)phenols collected by FFQ were analyzed using Phenol-Explorer.
Mean (95% confidence interval CI) intakes were estimated as 2283 (2213, 2352) mg/d for total (poly)phenols, 674 (648, 701) for total F3O, and 152 (146, 158) for procyanidins+(epi)catechins. Two PVL metabolites were detected in plasma from the majority of participants, 5-(hydroxyphenyl)-γ-VL-sulfate (PVL1) and 5-(4ʹ-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-VL-3ʹ-glucuronide (PVL2). The 7 other PVLs were detectable only in 1-32% of samples. Self-reported intakes (mg/d) of F3O (r = 0.113, P = 0.017) and procyanidin+(epi)catechin (r = 0.122, P = 0.010) showed statistically significant correlations with the sum of PVL1 and PVL 2 (PVL1+2). With increasing intake quartiles (Q1-Q4), mean (95% CI) PVL1+2 increased; from 28.3 (20.8, 35.9) nmol/L in Q1 to 45.2 (37.2, 53.2) nmol/L in Q4; P = 0.025, for dietary F3O, and from 27.4 (19.1, 35.8) nmol/L in Q1 to 46.5 (38.2, 54.9) nmol/L in Q4; P = 0.020, for procyanidins+(epi)catechins.
Of 9 PVL metabolites investigated, 2 were detected in most samples and were weakly associated with intakes of total F3O and procyanidins+(epi)catechins. Future controlled feeding studies are required to validate plasma PVLs as biomarkers of these dietary polyphenols.
Scope
Ileostomy studies provide a unique insight into digestion of food, allowing identification of physiologically relevant dietary phytochemicals and their metabolites important to gut health. We ...previously reported the consistent increase of components in ileal fluids of ileostomates after consumption of raspberries with use of nontargeted LC–MSn techniques and data deconvolution software highlighting two major unknown components (m/z 355 and 679).
Methods and results
In‐depth LC–MSn analyses suggested that the ileal m/z 355 components were p‐coumaroyl glucarates. These compounds have not been identified previously and were confirmed in raspberry extracts after partial purification. The major ileal component with m/z 679 was a glycoside with an aglycone of m/z 517 and was present as two peaks in extracts of whole puree, unseeded puree, and isolated seeds. These components were purified using Sephadex LH20 and C18 SPE units and identified as major, novel raspberry triterpenoid glycosides. This triterpenoid‐enriched fraction (100 nM) protected against H2O2‐induced DNA damage in both colon cancer and normal cell lines and altered expression of cytoprotective genes.
Conclusion
The presence of these novel raspberry triterpenoid components in ileal fluids indicates that they would be colon‐available in vivo, so confirmation of their anticancer bioactivities is of key physiological relevance.
Two major unknown components present in ileal fluids after intake of raspberries are identified as triterpenoid glycosides and p‐coumaroyl glucarates using LC–MSn analysis. The triterpenoids are purified from raspberries and are shown to have genoprotective effects at submicromolar levels against H2O2‐induced damage in colon cell lines. Therefore these novel triterpenoids combine established colonic bioavailability with potential bioactivity at physiological doses.
Purpose
Palmaria palmata
(
P. Palmata
) is reported to contain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds albeit no study has investigated these effects in humans.
Methods
A randomised parallel ...placebo-controlled human intervention study was carried out to investigate the effect of consuming
P. Palmata
(5 g/day) incorporated into a bread on serum markers of inflammation C-reactive protein (CRP); cytokine analysis with secondary analysis investigating changes in lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides), thyroid function thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and antioxidant status ferric reducing antioxidant power. ANCOVA with baseline values as covariates, controlling for age, BMI, sex and smoking status, was used to compare differences between treatment groups over time . In vitro studies investigated the inflammatory activity of
P. Palmata
extracts (hot water, cold water and ethanol extract), protein extracts and associated protein hydrolysates using a Caco-2 inflammation cell model.
Results
Consumption of
P. Palmata
-enriched bread significantly increased serum CRP (+16.1 %,
P
= 0.011), triglycerides (+31.9 %,
P
= 0.001) and TSH (+17.2 %,
P
= 0.017) when compared to the control group. In vitro evaluation of
P. palmata
extracts and protein hydrolysates identified a significant induction of IL-8 secretion by Caco-2 cells, and the hot water
P. palmata
extract was shown to increase adipocyte glycerol release (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Evidence from this human study suggests that
P. palmata
stimulates inflammation, increases serum triglycerides and alters thyroid function; however, these changes are not likely to impact health as changes remained within the normal clinical range. The data from the in vitro study provided indications that IL-8 may contribute to the apparent immunostimulation noted in the human study.
There is a probable association between consumption of fruit and vegetables and reduced risk of cancer, particularly cancer of the digestive tract. This anti-cancer activity has been attributed in ...part to anti-oxidants present in these foods. Raspberries in particular are a rich source of the anti-oxidant compounds, such as polyphenols, anthocyanins and ellagitannins.
A "colon-available" raspberry extract (CARE) was prepared that contained phytochemicals surviving a digestion procedure that mimicked the physiochemical conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The polyphenolic-rich extract was assessed for anti-cancer properties in a series of in vitro systems that model important stages of colon carcinogenesis, initiation, promotion and invasion.
The phytochemical composition of CARE was monitored using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The colon-available raspberry extract was reduced in anthocyanins and ellagitannins compared to the original raspberry juice but enriched in other polyphenols and polyphenol breakdown products that were more stable to gastrointestinal digestion. Initiation--CARE caused significant protective effects against DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in HT29 colon cancer cells measured using single cell microgelelectrophoresis. Promotion--CARE significantly decreased the population of HT29 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, effectively reducing the number of cells entering the cell cycle. However, CARE had no effect on epithelial integrity (barrier function) assessed by recording the trans-epithelial resistance (TER) of CACO-2 cell monolayers. Invasion--CARE caused significant inhibition of HT115 colon cancer cell invasion using the matrigel invasion assay.
The results indicate that raspberry phytochemicals likely to reach the colon are capable of inhibiting several important stages in colon carcinogenesis in vitro.
Vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, which is the second most common cancer after
lung/breast cancer within Europe. Some putative protective phytochemicals ...are found in higher amounts in young sprouts than
in mature plants.
The effect of an extract of mixed cruciferous and legume sprouts on DNA damage induced by H 2 O 2 was measured in HT29 cells using single cell microgelelectrophoresis (comet). Significant antigenotoxic effect ( P ≤ 0.05) was observed when HT29 cells were pre-incubated with the extract (100 and 200 μL/mL) for 24 hours and then challenged
with H 2 O 2 . A parallel design intervention study was carried out on 10 male and 10 female healthy adult volunteers (mean age = 25.5
years) fed 113 g of cruciferous and legume sprouts daily for 14 days. The effect of the supplementation was measured on a
range of parameters, including DNA damage in lymphocytes (comet), the activity of various detoxifying enzymes (glutathione
S -transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), antioxidant status using the ferric reducing ability of plasma
assay, plasma antioxidants (uric acid, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol), blood lipids, plasma levels of lutein, and lycopene.
A significant antigenotoxic effect against H 2 O 2 -induced DNA damage was shown in peripheral blood lymphocytes of volunteers who consumed the supplemented diet when compared
with the control diet ( P = 0.04). No significant induction of detoxifying enzymes was observed during the study, neither were plasma antioxidant levels
or activity altered. The results support the theory that consumption of cruciferous vegetables is linked to a reduced risk
of cancer via decreased damage to DNA.
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