There is currently a degree of divergence among the main clinical practice guidelines on the management of risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This project aims to gain understanding ...of the management of PAD risk factors in clinical practice and to reach a multidisciplinary consensus on the strategies to be followed in order to optimize its identification, treatment, and follow-up.
A multidisciplinary consensus following the Delphi methodology.
Professionals (n = 130) with extensive experience in PAD participated in this consultation. The results suggest that in order to optimize the control of risk factors, efforts should be aimed at: (1) promoting the involvement and awareness of all specialists in the identification of and screening for the disease; (2) guaranteeing the possibility of evaluating the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in all the medical specialties involved; (3) promoting strategies for patients to quit smoking through the use of drugs, programs, or referrals to specialized units; (4) promoting an appropriate Mediterranean-based diet and the prescription of daily exercise; (5) raising awareness of the importance of ensuring LDL cholesterol values below 70 mg/dL, especially in symptomatic but also in asymptomatic patients (<55 mg/dL following the publication of the ESC/EAS guide); (6) recommending the use of antiplatelet therapy in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or a pathological ABI; and (7) protocolizing the annual evaluation of ABI in high-risk patients.
This document presents the 22 agreed-upon strategies which are intended to help professionals optimize multidisciplinary management of PAD risk factors.
Actualmente, existe cierta divergencia entre las principales guías de práctica clínica sobre el manejo de los factores de riesgo de la enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP). El objetivo de este proyecto es conocer el manejo de los factores de riesgo de la EAP en la práctica clínica y alcanzar un consenso multidisciplinar sobre las estrategias que se tienen que seguir para optimizar su identificación, tratamiento y seguimiento.
Consenso multidisciplinar mediante metodología Delphi.
En la consulta participaron 130 profesionales con amplia experiencia en EAP. Los resultados sugieren que para optimizar el control de los factores de riesgo los esfuerzos deben dirigirse a: 1) promover la involucramiento y concienciación de todas las especialidades en la identificación y el cribado de la enfermedad; 2) garantizar la posibilidad de realizar el índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) en todas las especialidades implicadas; 3) fomentar estrategias de deshabituación del tabaquismo mediante el uso de fármacos, programas o derivaciones a unidades especializadas; 4) promover el seguimiento de una alimentación adecuada basada en la dieta mediterránea y la prescripción de ejercicio diario; 5) concienciar sobre la importancia de alcanzar unos valores de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL) inferiores a 70 mg/dL especialmente en pacientes sintomáticos, pero también en asintomáticos (< 55 mg/dL tras la publicación de la guía ESC/EAS); 6) recomendar el uso de antiagregantes plaquetarios en pacientes asintomáticos con diabetes mellitus (DM) y/o ITB patológico, y 7) protocolizar la reevaluación del ITB anualmente en pacientes de alto riesgo.
Las 22 estrategias consensuadas en el presente documento pretenden ayudar a los profesionales a optimizar el manejo multidisciplinar de los factores de riesgo de la EAP.
Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) has become a problem of global dimensions by their high and growing prevalence worldwide and the personal and economic costs associated with it. Correct ...treatment can reduce mortality and associated complications. New concepts have recently been included in routine clinical practice and have changed the algorithm of DM2 pharmacological therapy. Therefore, the Spanish Society of Diabetes (SED) entrusted to the Working Group of Consensus and Clinical Guidelines an update of the 2010 document Recommendations for Pharmacological Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Diabetes type 2. Novel aspects include nine characteristics to describe each drug group: efficiency, the risk of hypoglycemia, effects on body weight, the demonstrated effect in cardiovascular risk, nephroprotection, limitation of use in renal insufficiency, the rate of secondary effects, complexity and costs. Additionally, the document details combination options, and develop the start and adjustment of available injectable therapies.
Eighty to 90% of patients attended in emergency departments are discharged to home. Emergency department physicians are therefore responsible for specifying how these patients are treated afterwards. ...An estimated 30% to 40% of emergency patients have diabetes mellitus that was often decompensated or poorly controlled prior to the emergency. It is therefore necessary to establish antidiabetic treatment protocols that contribute to adequate metabolic control for these patients in the interest of improving the short-term prognosis after discharge. The protocols should also maintain continuity of outpatient care from other specialists and contribute to improving the long-term prognosis. This consensus paper presents the consensus of experts from 3 medical associations whose members are directly involved with treating patients with diabetes. The aim of the paper is to facilitate the assessment of antidiabetic treatment when the patient is discharged from the emergency department and referred to outpatient care teams.
Las hipofisitis constituyen un conjunto de lesiones inflamatorias que afectan a la glándula hipofisaria y al tallo hipofisario. Hay que tenerlas en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de las masas ...sellares. Se distinguen 3 tipos de hipofisitis primarias: linfocíticas, granulomatosas y xantomatosa. Las hipofisitis linfocíticas son la forma más frecuente de inflamación crónica de la hipófisis y se considera que tienen un origen autoinmunitario. Característicamente, afecta a la mujer en el período periparto, con diversos déficit hipofisarios, especialmente de corticotropina, y con frecuencia concurren otros procesos autoinmunitarios. La hipofisitis linfocítica puede afectar tan sólo a la hipófisis anterior, puede circunscribirse al tallo infundibular y el lóbulo posterior de la hipófisis (infundibuloneurohipofisitis) o puede afectar a toda la hipófisis (panhipofisitis). Clínicamente puede manifestarse con síntomas compresivos, hipopituitarismo, diabetes insípida o hiperprolactinemia. La resonancia magnética es la técnica de imagen de elección que ayuda a la caracterización de la lesión sellar. El tratamiento incluye la sustitución del déficit funcional hipofisario y el empleo de corticoides, en general a dosis elevadas. El tratamiento quirúrgico se reserva si los síntomas no mejoran con el tratamiento conservador. Las hipofisitis granulomatosas pueden ser de etiología conocida, tanto infecciosa, actualmente muy rara, como no infecciosa (rotura de quiste de Rathke, etc.). Las hipofisitis granulomatosas de etiología no conocida se manifiestan por granulomas de origen idiopático. Las hipofisitis xantomatosas se caracterizan por un infiltrado histiocitario con una imagen de características quísticas. Las hipofisitis secundarias ocurren por inflamación de la hipófisis causada por lesiones de vecindad o pueden formar parte de enfermedades sistémicas.
Durante el embarazo se producen importantes cambios adaptativos como consecuencia de la relación entre la madre, la placenta y el feto. En la hipófisis se producen importantes cambios anatómicos e ...histológicos con un aumento del volumen de la glándula de hasta un 40%. Se producen grandes variaciones en la función del eje hipotalamohipofisotiroideo, que afectan al balance de yodo, la actividad general de la glándula, y el transporte de las hormonas tiroideas en el plasma y en el metabolismo periférico de éstas. La incidencia de bocio y nódulos tiroideos aumenta durante el embarazo. El manejo del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides deberá individualizarse en función del tipo de tumor y el tiempo de embarazo. Dadas las repercusiones que el hipotiroidismo tiene en el desarrollo fetal, es primordial tanto el diagnóstico como el correcto manejo terapéutico de la hipofunción tiroidea. La modificación más importante del eje hipotalalamohipofisoadrenal durante la gestación es el incremento del cortisol sérico debido al aumento de las proteínas transportadoras de cortisol. Aunque el síndrome de Cushing durante el embarazo es muy poco frecuente, tanto su diagnóstico como su tratamiento son especialmente difíciles. La insuficiencia suprarrenal durante el embarazo no es sustancialmente diferente de la que ocurre fuera de la gestación. Sin embargo, la necrosis hipofisaria posparto (síndrome de Sheehan) es una complicación bien conocida que acontece en el período posparto y constituye, junto con la hipofisitis linfocítica, la causa más frecuente de insuficiencia suprarrenal. El manejo del prolactinoma durante el embarazo requiere la supresión de los agonistas dopaminérgicos y la reintroducción de éstos en caso de que se produzca crecimiento tumoral. Respecto a los trastornos de la neurohipófisis que ocurren a lo largo del embarazo, debe reseñarse la diabetes insípida, que aparece como consecuencia del aumento de la actividad de la vasopresinasa.
Hypophysitis are a group of inflammatory lesions affecting the pituitary gland and pituitary stalk. These lesions should be included in the differential diagnosis of sellar masses. There are three ...types of primary hypophysitis: lymphocytic, granulomatous and xanthomatous. Lymphocytic hypophysitis is the most frequent form of chronic pituitary inflammation and is believed to have an autoimmune origin. This form characteristically affects women during the peripartum, with diverse types of pituitary deficiency, especially ACTH deficiency, and frequently there are other associated autoimmune processes. Lymphocytic hypophysitis can affect the anterior pituitary only, the infundibular stalk and posterior lobe of the pituitary (infundibuloneurohypophysitis), or the entire pituitary (panhypophysitis). Clinically, lymphocytic hypophysitis can manifest with compression symptoms, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus or hyperprolactinemia. The imaging technique of choice is magnetic resonance imaging, which helps to characterize the sellar lesion. Treatment includes replacement of the functional pituitary deficiency and the use of corticosteroids, generally at high doses. Surgical treatment is reserved for patients unresponsive to conservative therapy. Granulomatous hypophysitis can be of known etiology, whether infectious (currently highly infrequent) or non-infectious (ruptured Rathke's cyst, etc.). Granulomatous hypophysitis of unknown etiology is manifested by the presence of idiopathic granulomas. Xanthomatous hypophysitis is characterized by a histiocytic infiltrate with cystic characteristics on imaging. Secondary hypophysitis is due to pituitary inflammation caused by surrounding lesions or can form part of systemic diseases.
During pregnancy, the body undergoes a major adaptation process as a result of the interaction between mother, placenta and fetus. Major anatomical and histological changes are produced in the ...pituitary, with an increase of up to 40% in the size of the gland. There are wide variations in the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis that effect iodine balance, the overall activity of the gland, as well as transport of thyroid hormones in plasma and peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. The incidence of goiter and thyroid nodules increases throughout pregnancy. The management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma should be individually tailored according to tumoral type and pregnancy stage. Given the effects of hypothyroidism on fetal development, both the diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management of thyroid hypofunction are essential. The most important modification to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during pregnancy is the rise in serum cortisol levels due to an increase in cortisol-binding proteins. Although Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy is infrequent, both diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are especially difficult. Adrenal insufficiency during pregnancy does not substantially differ from that occurring outside pregnancy. However, postpartum pituitary necrosis (Sheehan's syndrome) is a well-known complication that occurs after delivery and, together with lymphocytic hypophysitis, constitutes the most frequent cause of adrenal insufficiency. The management of prolactinoma during pregnancy requires suppression of dopaminergic agonists and their reintroduction if there is tumoral growth. Notable among the neuropituitary disorders that can occur throughout pregnancy is diabetes insipidus, which occurs as a consequence of increased vasopressinase activity.
