Segmental allopolyploidy in action Leal-Bertioli, Soraya C. M.; Godoy, Ignácio J.; Santos, João F. ...
American journal of botany,
06/2018, Letnik:
105, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Premise of the Study
The genetic bottleneck of polyploid formation can be mitigated by multiple origins, gene flow, and recombination among different lineages. In crop plants with limited origins, ...efforts to increase genetic diversity have limitations. Here we used lineage recombination to increase genetic diversity in peanut, an allotetraploid likely of single origin, by crossing with a novel allopolyploid genotype and selecting improved lines.
Methods
Single backcross progeny from cultivated peanut × wild species‐derived allotetraploid cross were studied over successive generations. Using genetic assumptions that encompass segmental allotetraploidy, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole‐genome sequence data to infer genome structures.
Key Results
Selected lines, despite a high proportion of wild alleles, are agronomically adapted, productive, and with improved disease resistances. Wild alleles mostly substituted homologous segments of the peanut genome. Regions of dispersed wild alleles, characteristic of gene conversion, also occurred. However, wild chromosome segments sometimes replaced cultivated peanut's homeologous subgenome; A. ipaënsis B sometimes replaced A. hypogaea A subgenome (~0.6%), and A. duranensis replaced A. hypogaea B subgenome segments (~2%). Furthermore, some subgenome regions historically lost in cultivated peanut were “recovered” by wild chromosome segments (effectively reversing the “polyploid ratchet”). These processes resulted in lines with new genome structure variations.
Conclusions
Genetic diversity was introduced by wild allele introgression, and by introducing new genome structure variations. These results highlight the special possibilities of segmental allotetraploidy and of using lineage recombination to increase genetic diversity in peanut, likely mirroring what occurs in natural segmental allopolyploids with multiple origins.
In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of insecticides sprayed by contact as well as seeds treatment for controlling the burrower bug Cyrtomenus mirabilis (Perti, 1830) (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) ...under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, the insecticides were sprayed onto the insects (direct contact). Insect mortality evaluation started 24h after insecticide application and repeated every two days up to 20 days. In the second experiment, peanut seeds were treated with insecticides. The mortality of insects was evaluated at 10, 15, and 20 days after installation. The mixture of fipronil and alpha-cypermethrin in direct contact was the most efficient treatment to control nymphs and adults of C. mirabilis. Regarding the seed treatment, fipronil was the most efficient for controlling adults of C. mirabilis while for nymphs, all insecticides were highly effective.
The aim of this study was to characterize the mycobiota and to determine the occurrence of aflatoxins in peanut samples (husks and kernels) originating from four production regions in the State of ...São Paulo, Brazil. Analysis of soil samples showed that
Penicillium spp. was the most frequent fungal species (52.1%) in the four regions studied.
Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent species of the genus
Aspergillus (13.4%). In husks and kernels,
Fusarium spp. presented the highest frequency of isolation (70.2%) and
A. flavus was the most frequently isolated species (9.8%) among the four
Aspergillus species detected. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of aflatoxins in 5% of kernel samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 12.7 μg/kg, and in 13.8% of husk samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 117.8 μg/kg. Samples originating from the Tupã region presented higher contamination of husks and kernels with
A. flavus before and after plant uprooting than samples obtained from the other regions. Although
A. flavus and
Aspergillus parasiticus were isolated from peanuts, few samples were contaminated with aflatoxins, demonstrating that the presence of these fungi does not necessarily indicate the presence of aflatoxins in the substrate. Isolation of these species from soil confirmed that this is the main route of peanut contamination.
►
Penicillium spp. were more prevalent in soil mycobiota and
Fusarium spp., in peanut. ► Within the genus
Aspergillus,
Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent in both samples. ► Aflatoxins were present in 5% of kernel samples and in 13.8% of the husks. ► Samples from the Tupã region presented higher contamination by
A. flavus. ►
A. flavus occurrence in soil samples suggested a route for peanut contamination.
The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and ...adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession,
GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (
) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified
-enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security.
Cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammatory diseases Cuende, José I; Pérez de Diego, Ignacio J; Godoy, Diego
Clinica e investigacion en arteriosclerosis : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Arteriosclerosis,
2016 Mar-Apr, Letnik:
28, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
More than a century of research has shown that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process more than an infiltrative or thrombogenic process. It has been demonstrated epidemiologically and by imaging ...techniques, that systemic inflammatory diseases (in particular, but not exclusively, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus) increase the atherosclerotic process, and has a demonstrated pathophysiological basis. Furthermore, treatments to control inflammatory diseases can modify the course of the atherosclerotic process. Although there are no specific scales for assessing cardiovascular risk in patients with these diseases, cardiovascular risk is high. A number of specific risk scales are being developed, that take into account specific factors such as the degree of inflammatory activity.
A post-column Isotope Dilution Analysis (IDA) methodology has been used to carry out the quantitative speciation of selenium (Se) in industrial wastewaters by ion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS ...with an octapole reaction system (ORS). The interfering argon dimers on the 78Se and 80Se isotopes were suppressed by pressurizing the octapole chamber with 4 mL min-1 of hydrogen. The inorganic Se species selenite Se (IV), selenate Se (VI) and selenocyanate SeCN- were separated by ion chromatography (IC) using isocratic elution with 20 mmol L-1 Na2CO3 / 2 mmol L-1 NaHCO3 as eluent. After the separation, the eluent carbonates were converted to CO2 on-line by a membrane self-regenerating suppressor, in order to avoid clogging problems in the nebulizer or in the cones of the ICP-MS interface. Detection limits (as 3σ of the baseline noise) of 0.18, 0.13 and 1.0 ng g-1 were achieved for Se (IV), Se (VI) and SeCN- respectively. Quantification of selenium in each separated species was performed using post-column isotope dilution analysis by continuous mixing of an enriched 77Se spike solution with the effluent from the suppressor column. Finally, the 78Se/77Se or 80Se/77Se isotope ratios were monitored and the concentration of the corresponding selenium species was evaluated. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to study the quantitative speciation of selenium in petroleum refinery wastewaters.
The occurrence of the armyworm Spodoptera albula (Walker) is registered for the first time attacking peanut in Tupã county (21º 56' 00" S; 50º 31' 00" W), São Paulo State, Brazil.
É registrada pela ...primeira vez a ocorrência de Spodoptera albula (Walker) atacando amendoim no município de Tupã (21º 56' 00" S; 50º 31' 00" W), no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.
A novel smartwatch sniffer with a 1.69 inch TFT display and Bluetooth communication is presented in this communication. Based on a 32-bit microcontroller with an Arm® Cortex® -M4 MCU, this device has ...several MOX-type chemical sensors capable of determining the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are used to calculate various indicators such as the concentration of volatiles, the concentration of CO2 and the indoor air quality index. As connectivity has a Bluetooth® 5.3 interface with which you can establish communication with smartphones, the watch has a 300 mAh battery which will provide an autonomy of several days. By connecting to a smartphone, the device can be trained to discriminate odours in different applications such as the detection of biomarkers in breath, the condition of food and food, the detection of chemical agents and explosives and serve as a personal air quality monitoring device. Several users wearing the device could set up a wireless network of sensors to create a real-time map of pollutants or odours. A demonstration of the detection of different chemical compounds will be done with the novel smartwatch.
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