Modern Techniques for Solving Problems Geschka, Horst; Schaude, Goetz R.; Schlicksupp, Helmut
International Studies of Management and Organization,
12/1/1976, 19761201, 1976-12-00, Letnik:
6, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
SYSTEMATIC IDEA GENERATION TRIES TO STRENGTHEN THE ABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF PROBLEM SOLVING. SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED THAT ARE SUITABLE FOR ATTACKING PROBLEMS - ESPECIALLY THOSE NOT ...SOLVABLE IN A LOGICAL WAY AND BY PROVEN METHODS. THEY HAVE THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS - 1. SYSTEMATIC, THOUGH NOT LOGICAL, PROBLEM SOLVING IS POSSIBLE EVEN FOR UNSTRUCTURED PROBLEMS. 2. TIME LAG BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND SOLUTION OF A PROBLEM IS SHORTENED. 3. THE NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS IS ENLARGED, ENABLING A SELECTION OF A GOOD SOLUTION MORE RATIONALLY. BRAINSTORMING IS THE BEST KNOWN METHOD OF IDEA GENERATION AND IT IS WIDELY USED. SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURING IS TYPIFIED BY THE MORPHOLOGICAL BOX METHOD. THIS SPLITS A PROBLEM INTO ITS PARTS, TACKLES THEM INDIVIDUALLY, AND TIES THE RESULTS TOGETHER TO GIVE AN ARRAY OF SOLUTIONS. TO BE SUCCESSFUL, FIRMS USING IDEA GENERATION METHODS SYSTEMATICALLY SHOULD CAREFULLY PLAN EACH SINGLE SESSION. TABLES. CHART.
Abstract only A dual-chambered balloon mounted on a single-lumen catheter is described, consisting of a distal spherical occluding balloon and a narrower cylindrical pumping balloon. This balloon, in ...contrast to the conventional single-chambered balloon, pumps blood unidirectionally toward the aortic root in diastole, effecting a 66 to 100% greater increase in coronary blood flow. The implications of this concept are discussed, with particular reference to cardiogenic shock. Significant improvement in all measurable indices of ventricular work are demonstrated both clinically and experimentally. Results in patients are summarized.
The purpose of this research was to identify the barriers faced by successful Hispanic nursing students in completing their nursing studies and the strategies that were used to manage or overcome ...those barriers. Grounded theory methods were used to generate a substantive theory of Hispanic nursing student success. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 Hispanic nursing students and Hispanic registered nurses in practice. The interviews revealed that while each person had his or her own compelling reason for entering a nursing program, most did so with little planning and preparation for the realities of nursing school and little awareness of the potential problems that might be encountered. Numerous barriers were identified by the respondents. They included (1) unprepared for the difficulty, (2) time management, (3) finances, (4) family beliefs and cultural influences, (5) inadequate academic preparation, (6) nursing theory and practice, (7) support, (8) prejudices, and (9) the educational institution. As the interviews continued, categories were identified using the constant comparative method and a theory for Hispanic nursing student success began to emerge. Respondents based their success in completing their registered nursing program on a process of growth and change that they experienced throughout their nursing education. The key categories were identified as (1) identifying barriers, (2) gaining confidence, (3) finding voice, (4) gathering support, and (5) making compromises. The core category and unifying theme was that of becoming. There was an increasing awareness by participants that they were growing and changing in a way they had not anticipated, but in doing so, they were further increasing their chances for success. They gained an awareness of the wider implications of their success, not only for themselves and for their family, but for the Hispanic community and for the nursing profession. This study adds to the limited body of knowledge on Hispanic nursing student success. The findings may provide a foundation for the further development of a theory of success that will guide the development of effective retention strategies for Hispanic nursing students.
The variability of the decline in immune function among those infected by HIV raises the possibility that psychological factors might help to explain the differences. Since studies of other ...populations have shown natural killer (NK) cells to be affected by psychiatric conditions, the authors examined this relationship in the context of HIV infection, expecting to find fewer NK cells to be associated with greater psychological distress.
Forty-six HIV-negative and 74 HIV-positive gay men who were participating in a longitudinal study had NK cells enumerations performed (by staining for CD56) 36 months after entry into the study. Comparisons were made between HIV-negative, HIV-positive asymptomatic, and HIV-positive symptomatic men by using a variety of clinician-rated and self-report measures of psychological function and absolute NK cell number.
HIV-negative men had more NK cells than the groups of HIV-positive men. The groups' measures of psychological distress did not differ in any clinically meaningful ways. In general, the presence of DSM-III-R diagnoses and the measures of distress did not relate to NK cell number.
NK cell number is not related to measures of psychological distress in these gay men with and without HIV infection.
We study some theoretical aspects of \(P_NP_M\) schemes, which are a novel class of high order accurate reconstruction based discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws. The ...PNPM schemes store and evolve the discrete solution \(u_h\) under the form of piecewise polynomials of degree \(N\), while piecewise polynomials \(w_h\) of degree \(M \geq N\) are used for the computation of the volume and boundary fluxes. The piecewise polynomials \(w_h\) are obtained from \(u_h\) via a suitable reconstruction or recovery operator. The \(P_NP_M\) approach contains high order finite volume methods (\(N=0\)) as well as classical DG schemes (\(N=M\)) as special cases of a more general framework. Furthermore, for \(N \neq M\) and \(N>0\), it leads to a new intermediate class of methods, which can be denoted either as Hermite finite volume or as reconstructed DG methods. We show analytically why \(P_NP_M\) methods for \(N \neq M\) are, in general, not \(L^2\)-diminishing. To this end, we extend the well-known cell entropy inequality and the following \(L^2\) stability result of Jiang and Shu for DG methods (i.e. for \(N=M\)) to the general \(P_NP_M\) case and identify which part in the reconstruction step may cause the instability. With this insight we design a flux limiter that enforces a cell square entropy inequality and thus an \(L^2\) stability condition for \(P_NP_M\) schemes for scalar conservation laws in one space dimension. Furthermore, in this paper we prove existence and uniqueness of the solution of the \(P_NP_M\) reconstruction operator.
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