A grand gender convergence Goldin, Claudia
The American economic review,
04/2014, Letnik:
104, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in society and the economy in the last century. These aspects of the grand gender convergence are figurative chapters in a ...history of gender roles. But what must the "last" chapter contain for there to be equality in the labor market? The answer may come as a surprise. The solution does not (necessarily) have to involve government intervention and it need not make men more responsible in the home (although that wouldn't hurt). But it must involve changes in the labor market; especially how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance temporal flexibility. The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours. Such change has taken off in various sectors, such as technology, science, and health, but is less apparent in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds.
The new life cycle of women's employment Goldin, Claudia; Mitchell, Joshua
The Journal of economic perspectives,
01/2017, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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A new life cycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, life-cycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak, ...and then declined starting in the fifties. The new life cycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle, and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging, and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Health and Retirement Study. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education, and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth, and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the life cycle.
We explore the first period of sustained decline in child mortality in the United States and provide estimates of the independent and combined effects of clean water and effective sewerage systems on ...under-5 mortality. Our case is Massachusetts, 1880–1920, when authorities developed a sewerage and water district in the Boston area. We find the two interventions were complementary and together account for approximately one-third of the decline in log child mortality during the 41 years. Our findings are relevant to the developing world and suggest that a piecemeal approach to infrastructure investments is unlikely to significantly improve child health.
The most prominent feature of the female labor force across the past hundred years is its enormous growth. But many believe that the increase was discontinuous. Our purpose is to identify the short- ...and long-run impacts of WWII on the labor supply of women who were currently married in 1950 and 1960. Using WWII mobilization rates by state, we find a wartime impact on weeks worked and the labor force participation of married white (non-farm) women in both 1950 and 1960. The impact, moreover, was experienced almost entirely by women in the top half of the education distribution. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The gender earnings gap is an expanding statistic over the lifecycle. We use the LEHD Census 2000 to understand the roles of industry, occupation, and establishment 14 years after leaving school. The ...gap for college graduates 26 to 39 years old expands by 34 log points, most occurring in the first 7 years. About 44 percent is due to disproportionate shifts by men into higher-earning positions, industries, and firms and about 56 percent to differential advances by gender within firms. Widening is greater for married individuals and for those in certain sectors. Non-college graduates experience less widening but with similar patterns.
A Most Egalitarian Profession Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F.
Journal of labor economics,
07/2016, Letnik:
34, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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Pharmacy today is a highly remunerated female-majority profession with a small gender earnings gap and low earnings dispersion. Using extensive surveys of pharmacists, as well as the US Census, ...American Community Surveys, and Current Population Surveys, we explore the gender earnings gap, penalty to part-time work, demographics of pharmacists relative to other college graduates, and evolution of the profession during the last half-century. Technological changes increasing substitutability among pharmacists, growth of pharmacy employment in retail chains and hospitals, and related decline of independent pharmacies reduced the penalty to part-time work and contribute to the narrow gender earnings gap in pharmacy.
A renowned economic historian traces women's journey to
close the gender wage gap and sheds new light on the continued
struggle to achieve equity between couples at home A
century ago, it was a given ...that a woman with a college degree had
to choose between having a career and a family. Today, there are
more female college graduates than ever before, and more women want
to have a career and family, yet challenges persist at work and at
home. This book traces how generations of women have responded to
the problem of balancing career and family as the twentieth century
experienced a sea change in gender equality, revealing why true
equity for dual career couples remains frustratingly out of reach.
Drawing on decades of her own groundbreaking research, Claudia
Goldin provides a fresh, in-depth look at the diverse experiences
of college-educated women from the 1900s to today, examining the
aspirations they formed-and the barriers they faced-in terms of
career, job, marriage, and children. She shows how many professions
are "greedy," paying disproportionately more for long hours and
weekend work, and how this perpetuates disparities between women
and men. Goldin demonstrates how the era of COVID-19 has severely
hindered women's advancement, yet how the growth of remote and
flexible work may be the pandemic's silver lining.
Antidiscrimination laws and unbiased managers, while valuable, are
not enough. Career and Family explains why we must make
fundamental changes to the way we work and how we value caregiving
if we are ever to achieve gender equality and couple equity.
The for-profit postsecondary school sector Deming, David J; Goldin, Claudia Dale; Katz, Lawrence F
The Journal of economic perspectives,
01/2012, Letnik:
26, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Private for-profit institutions have been the fastest-growing part of the U.S. higher education sector. For-profit enrollment increased from 0.2 percent to 9.1 percent of total enrollment in ...degree-granting schools from 1970 to 2009, and for-profit institutions account for the majority of enrollments in non-degree-granting postsecondary schools. We describe the schools, students, and programs in the for-profit higher education sector, its phenomenal recent growth, and its relationship to the federal and state governments. Using the 2004 to 2009 Beginning Postsecondary Students (BPS) longitudinal survey, we assess outcomes of a recent cohort of first-time undergraduates who attended for-profits relative to comparable students who attended community colleges or other public or private non-profit institutions. We find that relative to these other institutions, for-profits educate a larger fraction of minority, disadvantaged, and older students, and they have greater success at retaining students in their first year and getting them to complete short programs at the certificate and AA levels. But we also find that for-profit students end up with higher unemployment and “idleness” rates and lower earnings six years after entering programs than do comparable students from other schools and that, not surprisingly, they have far greater default rates on their loans.
"The careers of MBAs from a top US business school are studied to understand how career dynamics differ by gender. Although male and female MBAs have nearly identical earnings at the outset of their ...careers, their earnings soon diverge, with the male earnings advantage reaching almost 60 log points a decade after MBA completion. Three proximate factors account for the large and rising gender gap in earnings: differences in training prior to MBA graduation, differences in career interruptions, and differences in weekly hours. The greater career discontinuity and shorter work hours for female MBAs are largely associated with motherhood." Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Forschungsmethode: Sekundäranalyse; empirisch; empirisch-quantitativ. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1990 bis 2006. (author's abstract, IAB-Doku).
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