A greater insight on the control of the interactions between microalgae and other microorganisms, particularly bacteria, should be useful for enhancing the efficiency of microalgal biomass production ...and associated valuable compounds. Little attention has been paid to the controlled utilization of microalgae-bacteria consortia. However, the studies of microalgal-bacterial interactions have revealed a significant impact of the mutualistic or parasitic relationships on algal growth. The algal growth, for instance, has been shown to be enhanced by growth promoting factors produced by bacteria, such as indole-3-acetic acid. Vitamin B12 produced by bacteria in algal cultures and bacterial siderophores are also known to be involved in promoting faster microalgal growth. More interestingly, enhancement in the intracellular levels of carbohydrates, lipids and pigments of microalgae coupled with algal growth stimulation has also been reported. In this sense, massive algal production might occur in the presence of bacteria, and microalgae-bacteria interactions can be beneficial to the massive production of microalgae and algal products. This manuscript reviews the recent knowledge on the impact of the microalgae-bacteria interactions on the production of microalgae and accumulation of valuable compounds, with an emphasis on algal species having application in aquaculture.
The large-scale biomass production is an essential step in the biotechnological applications of microalgae. Coccomyxa onubensis is an acidophilic microalga isolated from the highly acidic waters of ...Río Tinto (province of Huelva, Spain) and has been shown to accumulate a high concentration of lutein (9.7 mg g−1dw), a valuable antioxidant, when grown at laboratory-scale. A productivity of 0.14 g L−1 d−1 was obtained by growing the microalga under outdoor conditions in an 800 L tubular photobioreactor. The results show a stable biomass production for at least one month and with a lutein content of 10 mg g−1dw, at pH values in the range 2.5–3.0 and temperature in the range 10–25 °C. Culture density, temperature, and CO2 availability in highly acidic medium are rate-limiting conditions for the microalgal growth. These aspects are discussed in this paper in order to improve the outdoor culture conditions for competitive applications of C. onubensis.
A heavy-metal-resistant, carotenoid-enriched novel unicellular microalga was isolated from an acidic river in Huelva, Spain. The isolated ribosomal 18S subunit rDNA sequence showed homology with ...known sequences from green microalgae, the closest sequence (98% homology) belonging to the genus Coccomyxa. The isolated microalga therefore was an up to now uncultured microalga. The microalga was isolated from Tinto River area (Huelva, Spain), an acidic river that exhibits very low pH (1.7-3.1) with high concentrations of sulfuric acid and heavy metals, including Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Al. Electron micrographs show that the microalga contains a large chloroplast with a presence of lipid droplets, an increased number of starch bodies as well as electron-dense deposits and plastoglobules, the last observed only in iron-exposed cells. Unlike other acidophile microalgae, the isolated microalga showed high growth rates when cultivated photoautotrophycally (up to 0.6 d(-1) ) in a suitable culture medium prepared at our laboratory. The growth was shown to be iron dependent. When the microalga is grown in fluidized bed reactors, the high growth rates resulted in unexpectedly high productivities for being a microalga that naturally grows in acidic environments (0.32 g·L(-1) ·d(-1) ). The microalga also grows optimally on reduced carbon sources, including glucose and urea, and at an optimal temperature of 35°C. The alga pigment profile is particularly rich in carotenoids, especially lutein, suggesting that the microalga might have potential for antioxidant production, namely, xanthophylls.
Compost suppression of soil-borne diseases in horticultural crops has been attributed to the activities of antagonistic microorganisms. A great diversity of microorganisms, capable of suppressing ...pathogens naturally colonize compost. A large number of microbes appeared in microbiological analyses of grape marc compost. Most microorganisms were bacteria. Average percentages were 31% mesophilic and 28% thermophylic bacteria, 16% mesophilic actinomycetes and 20% thermophylic actinomycetes. Only a few mould and yeast morphologies were obtained, 4% and 1% respectively. Antagonist in vitro assays were performed with 432 microbial morphologies isolated from grape marc compost. The microbes isolated were extremely effective antagonists in in vitro assays against all the fungal pathogens tested. Seven microorganisms were selected for further bioassay with Rhizoctonia solani in radish, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum in melon, and Phytophthora parasitica in tomato and two microorganisms with Pythium aphanidermatum in cucumber. Those experiments indicate that grape marc compost reduces the severity of Pythium damping-off in cucumber, but does not reduce the severity of Phytophthora root rot in tomato, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum in melon and Rhizoctonia solani in radish. Better suppressive effects were not demonstrated by either compost or vermiculite amended with microbes selected from grape marc compost.
Phantom limb pain (PLP) after amputation is a frequent entity that conditions the life of those who suffer it. Current treatment methods are not sufficiently effective for PLP management. We aim to ...analyze the clinical application of transcranial direct current (tDCS) in people with amputation suffering from PLP.
The following databases were consulted in September 2021: MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Web of Science, PEDro, SCOPUS and SciELO. Randomized controlled trials investigating the use of tDCS in people with amputation undergoing PLP were selected. Demographic data, type and cause of amputation, time since amputation, stimulation parameters, and outcomes were extracted.
Six articles were included in this review (seven studies were considered because one study performed two individual protocols). All included studies evaluated PLP; six evaluated the phantom limb sensations (PLS) and two evaluated the psychiatric disorders. In all included studies the intensity and frequency of PLP was reduced, in three PLS were reduced, and in none study psychiatric symptoms were modified.
Anodic tDCS over the contralateral M1 to the affected limb, with an intensity of 1-2 mA, for 15-20 minutes seems to significantly reduce PLP in people with amputation. Single-session treatment could modify PLP intensity for hours, and multi-session treatment could modify PLP for months. Limited evidence suggests that PLS and psychiatric disorders should be treated with different PLP electrode placements. Further studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up times are needed to establish the priority of tDCS application in the PLP management.
Pigment composition and its variation with culture age were analyzed in six strains of Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae). The capacity for accumulation of the ketocarotenoids astaxanthin and ...canthaxanthin was higher in N. salina and N. gaditana than in the other strains studied here. The influence of salinity (15 to 100 practical units) on pigment production was studied in N. gaditana, where a defined pattern of variation could not be found apart from a notable increase in zeaxanthin at 100ppt. In cultures grown in a photobioreactor and at high cell densities of about 10 super(9) cells mL super(-1), pigment production reached: 350 mg L super(-1) for chlorophyll a, 50 mg L super(-1) for violaxanthin, 5 mg L super(-1) for canthaxanthin, 3 mg L super(-1) for astaxanthin. The highest contents of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin obtained in experiments with N. gaditana were 19.4 and 14.6 ng pigment (10 super(6) cells) super(-1), respectively, which accounts for 0.7% dry weight. By means of xanthophyll cycle induction through exposure of cells to high irradiance and at 40 degree C, conversion of violaxanthin into zeaxanthin may attain up to 70% of the violaxanthin content, which corresponds to 0.6% dry weight. The results indicate that interest in Nannochloropsis as a source of valuable pigments is not related to its capacity for single pigment accumulation, but the availability of a range of pigments such as chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, each with high production levels.
A heavy‐metal‐resistant, carotenoid‐enriched novel unicellular microalga was isolated from an acidic river in Huelva, Spain. The isolated ribosomal 18S subunit rDNA sequence showed homology with ...known sequences from green microalgae, the closest sequence (98% homology) belonging to the genus Coccomyxa. The isolated microalga therefore was an up to now uncultured microalga. The microalga was isolated from Tinto River area (Huelva, Spain), an acidic river that exhibits very low pH (1.7–3.1) with high concentrations of sulfuric acid and heavy metals, including Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Al. Electron micrographs show that the microalga contains a large chloroplast with a presence of lipid droplets, an increased number of starch bodies as well as electron‐dense deposits and plastoglobules, the last observed only in iron‐exposed cells. Unlike other acidophile microalgae, the isolated microalga showed high growth rates when cultivated photoautotrophycally (up to 0.6 d−1) in a suitable culture medium prepared at our laboratory. The growth was shown to be iron dependent. When the microalga is grown in fluidized bed reactors, the high growth rates resulted in unexpectedly high productivities for being a microalga that naturally grows in acidic environments (0.32 g·L−1·d−1). The microalga also grows optimally on reduced carbon sources, including glucose and urea, and at an optimal temperature of 35°C. The alga pigment profile is particularly rich in carotenoids, especially lutein, suggesting that the microalga might have potential for antioxidant production, namely, xanthophylls.
El desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) ateroscleróticas comienza en edades tempranas y está influenciado por factores genéticos y ambientales. La literatura actual propone el ...entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) como un medio para reducir el riesgo de ECV y mejorar el perfil lipídico en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Con el objetivo de examinar los efectos de un programa de EF en este grupo de población, se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando el protocolo PRISMA y se buscaron estudios en cinco bases de datos (Pubmed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Embase y Web of Science). Un total de 11 estudios cumplieron los criterios finales de inclusión. Los resultados de esta revisión indicaron que las intervenciones de EF supervisadas y realizadas al menos 3 días a la semana con una duración de 8 semanas, mejoraron significativamente los parámetros lipídicos del colesterol (CT) y las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL). Los programas de EF pueden ser considerados como un tratamiento no farmacológico adecuado para mejorar el perfil lipídico y la salud cardiovascular de niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad.
Resumen Introducción y objetivos Al mejorar la supervivencia del cáncer, la presencia de tumores múltiples en un paciente es cada vez más frecuente. El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar la ...evolución a largo plazo, especialmente las posibles recidivas y segundos tumores primarios, en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón (CP) y supervivencia ≥ 3 años. Material y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 1.769 pacientes con CP. Se incluyen 218 (136 tratados con cirugía y 82 con otros tratamientos) con supervivencia global ≥ 3 años, de cualquier estirpe y seguidos durante un período entre 5 y 23 años. Se registró la evolución del CP y las enfermedades intercurrentes. Resultados Un total de 65 presentaron recidiva del tumor, de los cuales el 60,9% apareció en los 3 primeros años; 26 desarrollaron segundos primarios pulmonares (84,6% después de 5 años) y 24, 2 o más segundos extrapulmonares (66,6% después de 5 años), la mayoría relacionados con el tabaco. La incidencia de segundos primarios fue superior a la incidencia esperable de cáncer en población general de similar edad y género. Conclusión El efecto carcinogénico múltiple del tabaco persiste y se manifiesta en diversos órganos después de pasados 5 años tras el diagnóstico de CP, incluso en pacientes que han tenido una larga supervivencia. Después de 5 años, un segundo tumor es más probable que una recidiva del primero y el pulmón es el órgano con mayor probabilidad de desarrollar un segundo tumor.
La inactividad física, cada vez más frecuente entre los niños y las niñas, está asociada a diferentes problemas de salud, entre ellos, la dinapenia pediátrica, caracterizada por bajos niveles de ...aptitud muscular. Esto suscita la necesidad de implantar programas de Entrenamiento de Fuerza Pediátrico (EFP) para mejorar la salud en esta población. Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática sobre las principales investigaciones que abordaron los efectos de un programa de EFP sobre diferentes parámetros de salud en niños y niñas de 6 a 13 años. Se ha seguido el protocolo PRISMA utilizándose 5 bases de datos (Web of Science, Scopus, Sportdiscus, PubMed y ERIC). Los resultados obtuvieron un total de 587 artículos, de los cuales 13 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Tras el análisis de los 13 artículos, los resultados muestran que el efecto de las intervenciones de EFP en niños mostró mejoras sustanciales en diferentes parámetros antropométricos (composición corporal, IMC, circunferencia de la cintura y densidad mineral ósea), y en menor medida en variables fisiológicas (presión arterial y perfil lipídico) y psicológicas (autoconcepto y autoestima). Se concluye que los programas de EFP parecen establecerse como un tratamiento no farmacológico adecuado para mejorar determinados parámetros de salud antropométricos, precisando más investigación para determinar el efecto sobre variables fisiológicas y psicológicas.
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