Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely exploited for the development of enzymatic biofuel cells with sufficient power densities in the μW to mW range for operating low-power bioelectronic devices ...from renewable substrates. Buckypaper is a randomly oriented self-supporting film of carbon nanotubes, resembling an electronic paper, with excellent prospects for the construction of high performance enzymatic electrodes for use in biofuel cells. Attractive properties of buckypaper materials include large specific surface areas, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, biocompatibility, scalable production and the ability for efficient electron transfer with enzymes. Buckypapers are ideal self-supporting frameworks for enzymes and guest molecules such as metals, polymers and redox molecules, permitting the development of a wide range of catalytic bioelectrode interfaces. This review summarizes recent developments and advances of buckypaper bioelectrodes as an emerging component for body-integrated energy harvesting biodevices.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely exploited for the development of enzymatic biofuel cells with sufficient power densities in the μW to mW range for operating low-power bioelectronic devices from renewable substrates.
Artificial intelligence (AI) was first described in 1950; however, several limitations in early models prevented widespread acceptance and application to medicine. In the early 2000s, many of these ...limitations were overcome by the advent of deep learning. Now that AI systems are capable of analyzing complex algorithms and self-learning, we enter a new age in medicine where AI can be applied to clinical practice through risk assessment models, improving diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency. This article presents a brief historical perspective on the evolution of AI over the last several decades and the introduction and development of AI in medicine in recent years. A brief summary of the major applications of AI in gastroenterology and endoscopy are also presented, which are reviewed in further detail by several other articles in this issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
The demand for portable gas sensors is increasing following the progress in the electronics industry; there is an equal need to increase the quality of gas sensors. Spinel ferrites have been used as ...electronic materials for more than 50 years and offer a suitable ceramic base for the gas sensor market. They are simple, low cost, and compared to other gas sensors have structural and compositional versatility. This review highlights the recent developments and shows the potential of the spinel ferrites on gas sensor technology. Sensing mechanisms for a range of gasses and humidity are explained for n-type, p-type, mixed and substituted spinel ferrite gas sensors. The change in conduction mechanism is discussed outlining electronic and chemical sensitization that both increase the conductivity. Some cation substitutions are shown to change the oxidation state, thereby increasing sensitivity, but noble metals are shown to chemically sensitize spinel ferrites. This review surveys synthesis methods for producing spinel ferrites and discusses future prospects for further improvements.
The purpose of this report was to provide overall arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemorrhage rates and, with enhanced statistical power, to elucidate significant risk factors for hemorrhage.
The ...authors performed a meta-analysis via the PubMed database through January 2012 using the terms "AVM," "arteriovenous malformation," "natural history," "bleed," and "hemorrhage." Additional studies were identified through reference searches in each reviewed article. English language studies providing annual hemorrhage rates for AVMs were included. Data extraction, performed independently by the authors, included demographic data, hemorrhage rates, and hazard ratios for hemorrhage risk factors. The analysis was performed using a random effects model.
Nine natural history studies with 3923 patients and 18,423 patient-years of follow-up were identified for analysis. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 3.0% (95% CI 2.7%-3.4%). The rate of hemorrhage was 2.2% (95% CI 1.7%-2.7%) for unruptured AVMs and 4.5% (95% CI 3.7%-5.5%) for ruptured AVMs. Prior hemorrhage (HR 3.2, 95% CI 2.1-4.3), deep AVM location (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-3.4), exclusively deep venous drainage (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-3.8), and associated aneurysms (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6-2.0) were statistically significant risk factors for hemorrhage. Any deep venous drainage (HR 1.3, 95% CI 0.9-1.75) and female sex (HR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6-2.1) demonstrated a trend toward an increased risk of hemorrhage that was not statistically significant. Small AVM size and older patient age were not significant risk factors for hemorrhage.
Arteriovenous malformations with prior hemorrhage, deep location, exclusively deep venous drainage, and associated aneurysms have greater annual hemorrhage rates than their counterparts, influencing surgical decision making and the selection of radiosurgery for these lesions.
How bacteria grow and divide while retaining a defined shape is a fundamental question in microbiology, but technological advances are now driving a new understanding of how the shape-maintaining ...bacterial peptidoglycan sacculus grows. In this Review, we highlight the relationship between peptidoglycan synthesis complexes and cytoskeletal elements, as well as recent evidence that peptidoglycan growth is regulated from outside the sacculus in Gram-negative bacteria. We also discuss how growth of the sacculus is sensitive to mechanical force and nutritional status, and describe the roles of peptidoglycan hydrolases in generating cell shape and of D-amino acids in sacculus remodelling.
DFT: A Theory Full of Holes? Pribram-Jones, Aurora; Gross, David A; Burke, Kieron
Annual review of physical chemistry,
04/2015, Letnik:
66
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article is a rough, quirky overview of both the history and present state of the art of density functional theory. The field is so huge that no attempt to be comprehensive is made. We focus on ...the underlying exact theory, the origin of approximations, and the tension between empirical and nonempirical approaches. Many ideas are illustrated on the exchange energy and hole. Features unique to this article include how approximations can be systematically derived in a nonempirical fashion and a survey of warm dense matter.
OBJECTIVES:We describe the importance of interprofessional care in modern critical care medicine. This review highlights the essential roles played by specific members of the interprofessional care ...team, including patients and family members, and discusses quality improvement initiatives that require interprofessional collaboration for success.
DATA SOURCES:Studies were identified through MEDLINE search using a variety of search phrases related to interprofessional care, critical care provider types, and quality improvement initiatives. Additional articles were identified through a review of the reference lists of identified articles.
STUDY SELECTION:Original articles, review articles, and systematic reviews were considered.
DATA EXTRACTION:Manuscripts were selected for inclusion based on expert opinion of well-designed or key studies and review articles.
DATA SYNTHESIS:“Interprofessional care” refers to care provided by a team of healthcare professionals with overlapping expertise and an appreciation for the unique contribution of other team members as partners in achieving a common goal. A robust body of data supports improvement in patient-level outcomes when care is provided by an interprofessional team. Critical care nurses, advanced practice providers, pharmacists, respiratory care practitioners, rehabilitation specialists, dieticians, social workers, case managers, spiritual care providers, intensivists, and nonintensivist physicians each provide unique expertise and perspectives to patient care, and therefore play an important role in a team that must address the diverse needs of patients and families in the ICU. Engaging patients and families as partners in their healthcare is also critical. Many important ICU quality improvement initiatives require an interprofessional approach, including Awakening and Breathing Coordination, Delirium, Early Exercise/Mobility, and Family Empowerment bundle implementation, interprofessional rounding practices, unit-based quality improvement initiatives, Patient and Family Advisory Councils, end-of-life care, coordinated sedation awakening and spontaneous breathing trials, intrahospital transport, and transitions of care.
CONCLUSIONS:A robust body of evidence supports an interprofessional approach as a key component in the provision of high-quality critical care to patients of increasing complexity and with increasingly diverse needs.
Biodegradable Polymers for the Environment Gross, Richard A.; Kalra, Bhanu
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
08/2002, Letnik:
297, Številka:
5582
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade upon disposal by the action of living organisms. Extraordinary progress has been made in the development of practical processes and products from ...polymers such as starch, cellulose, and lactic acid. The need to create alternative biodegradable water-soluble polymers for down-the-drain products such as detergents and cosmetics has taken on increasing importance. Consumers have, however, thus far attached little or no added value to the property of biodegradability, forcing industry to compete head-to-head on a cost-performance basis with existing familiar products. In addition, no suitable infrastructure for the disposal of biodegradable materials exists as yet.
As nascent polypeptides exit ribosomes, they are engaged by a series of processing, targeting, and folding factors. Here, we present a selective ribosome profiling strategy that enables global ...monitoring of when these factors engage polypeptides in the complex cellular environment. Studies of the
Escherichia coli chaperone trigger factor (TF) reveal that, though TF can interact with many polypeptides, β-barrel outer-membrane proteins are the most prominent substrates. Loss of TF leads to broad outer-membrane defects and premature, cotranslational protein translocation. Whereas in vitro studies suggested that TF is prebound to ribosomes waiting for polypeptides to emerge from the exit channel, we find that in vivo TF engages ribosomes only after ∼100 amino acids are translated. Moreover, excess TF interferes with cotranslational removal of the N-terminal formyl methionine. Our studies support a triaging model in which proper protein biogenesis relies on the fine-tuned, sequential engagement of processing, targeting, and folding factors.
Display omitted
Display omitted
► Ribosome profiling broadly enables quantitative analysis of translation in bacteria ► Selective ribosome profiling reveals cotranslational chaperone action of trigger factor ► Trigger factor engages nascent chains only after ∼100 residues have been translated ► Outer-membrane porins are highly enriched among trigger factor substrates
Ribosome profiling offers a dynamic view of a chaperone's engagement with nascent polypeptides, yielding insights into its selective activity that have been opaque to more traditional biochemical and genetic analyses.
PDF
