Human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2) is a close relative of the prototype acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus, HIV-1. HIV-2 is biologically similar to HIV-1, but information is ...lacking concerning clinical outcomes of HIV-2-infected individuals. From 1985 to 1993, a prospective clinical study was conducted in women with HIV-2 and HIV-1 infection to determine and compare rates of disease development. HIV-1-infected women had a 67% probability of AIDS-free survival 5 years after seroconversion in contrast with 100% for HIV-2-infected women. In addition to having significantly less HIV-related disease outcome in HIV-2 enrollees compared to HIV-1 enrollees, the rate of developing abnormal CD4$^+$ lymphocyte counts with HIV-2 infection was also significantly reduced. This natural history study demonstrates that HIV-2 has a reduced virulence compared to HIV-1.
Our objective was to investigate the
Salmonella and
Campylobacter contamination of traditional ready-to-eat street-vended poultry dishes and to assess the association of some restaurant ...characteristics and cooking practices with the contamination of these meals. One hundred and forty-eight street-restaurants were studied from January 2003 to April 2004 in Dakar. A questionnaire was submitted to the managers, and samples of ready-to-eat poultry dishes were taken.
Salmonella spp. was isolated in 20.1% of the 148 street-restaurants studied and in 10.1% samples of poultry dishes. The most prevalent serovars isolated were
Salmonella hadar,
Salmonella enteritidis and
Salmonella brancaster.
Campylobacter jejuni was detected in only 3 restaurants and 3 poultry dishes. Not peeling and not cleaning vegetables and other ingredients during meal preparation (OR=3.58), dirty clothing for restaurant employees (OR=4.65), reheating previously cooked foods (OR=5.2), and no kitchen and utensils disinfection (OR=3.47) were associated with an increasing risk of
Salmonella contamination. Adequate cooking procedures decreased the risk of
Salmonella contamination (OR=0.15).
Family poultry (FP), which make up around 80% of poultry stocks in many developing countries of Africa and Asia, are still important. However, FP farmers are facing many constraints, including high ...mortality, mainly due to Newcastle disease and currently also to the highly pathogenic avian influenza in many countries since its occurrence in Asia in late 2003. Significant improvements in FP production systems can be achieved through well-designed and implemented information dissemination programmes that endow FP farmers with necessary knowledge and skills. The setting-up of poultry networks that enable FP farmers to acquire and share knowledge, views, experiences as well as research and development results in FP keeping in developing countries is discussed. Ways to improve the efficiency of information dissemination through poultry networks by taking into account the socio-cultural and economic environments of targeted FP farmers are also explored. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The authors studied the prevalence and risk determinants for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) in female prostitutes from Dakar (1985-1990), Ziguinchor (1987-1990), and ...Kaolack (1987-1990), Senegal, West Africa. Each cohort showed a distinct distribution of HIVs: 10.0% HIV-2 and 4.1% HIV-1 in Dakar, 38.1% HIV-2 and 0.4% HIV-1 in Ziguinchor, and 27.4% HIV-2 and 1.3% HIV-1 in Kaolack. In 1,275 female prostitutes from Dakar, increase years of sexual activity and a history of scarification were associated with HIV-2 seropositivity. In contrast, HIV-1 seroprevalence was associated with a shorter duration of prostitution and a history of hospitalization. In 278 female prostitutes from Ziguinchor, HIV-2 seroprevalence was associated with women of Guinea-Bissau nationality and increased years of sexual activity. In 157 female prostitutes from Kaolack, HIV-2 seroprevalence was associated with increased years of sexual activity and a history of never using condoms. The authors also studied the risk determinants for HIV-2 in the 1,280 Senegalese prostitutes pooled from all three sites. Controlling for ethnic group, women from Ziguinchor and Kaolack were more likely to be HIV-2 seropositive as compared with women from the Dakar site. Increased years of sexual activity were associated with HIV-2 seropositivity, while a history of excision and BCG vaccinations decreased the risk of HIV-2 infection.
Our objective was to identify the risk factors for
Campylobacter infection in Senegalese broiler flocks. Seventy broiler farms were studied around Dakar from January 2000 to December 2001 around ...Dakar. A questionnaire was administered to the farmers, and samples of fresh droppings were taken to assess the flocks’
Campylobacter status. About 63% of the flocks were infected by
Campylobacter spp.;
Campylobacter jejuni was the most-prevalent species (
P<0.05). An elevated risk of
Campylobacter infection was associated with other animals (mainly laying hens, cattle and sheep) being bred in the farm, the farm staff not wearing their work clothing exclusively in the poultry houses, uncemented poultry-house floors and the use of cartons that transport chicks from the hatchery to the farm as feed plates (rather than specifically designed feed plates). Alternatively, thorough cleaning and disinfection of poultry-house surroundings and manure disposal outside the farm were associated with decreased flock risk.
Throughout the African continent poultry keeping has been practised by village communities for many generations. These birds currently make up more than 80% of the continent's poultry flock. Rural ...family poultry (RFP) are a valuable asset to local populations as they contribute significantly to food security, poverty alleviation and the promotion of gender equality, especially in disadvantaged groups and less favoured areas of rural Africa. The paper stresses the need to design, implement, monitor and evaluate RFP development programmes by taking sociocultural issues into account.
Despite efforts to develop intensive poultry production, family poultry (FP) are still very important in developing countries. In most developing countries, the keeping of poultry by local ...communities has been practised formany generations. FP keeping is a widely practised activity. More than 90% of rural families in most developing countries keep one ormore poultry species (i.e. chickens, ducks, guinea fowls, geese, pigeons, etc.), and all ethnic groups tend to be involved in FP production. Although generally requiring low levels of inputs, FP is an appropriate system for supplying the fast-growing human population with high-quality protein, while providing additional income to the generally resource-poor small farmers, especially women. FP is also a source of employment for underprivileged groups and less-favoured areas in developing countries. However, constraints facing FP production systems are related to high mortality (mainly due to Newcastle disease), housing, feeding, breeding, marketing, credit, education/training, extension and information dissemination. Organizers of FP development programmes must be sufficiently sensitive to socio-cultural and economic circumstances of potential beneficiaries. Developing schemes that aim to promote and improve the FP sub-sectorin a way that is sustainable must not underestimate the specific roles and contributions of relevant members of local communities, as well as their different gender groups i.e. women, men, boys, girls, young and old persons. Therefore, getting new information and other various interventions to the front line of production requires well-designed gender research. This work, which must be done by multi- and trans-disciplinary teams to ensure that the production environment in which FP-keeping farmers work is fully understood, helps to identify the target groups of FP producers for development programmes such as in training, extension, information dissemination, provision of inputs and credit, marketing of poultry and their products. Ways to improve the productivity of FP management systems by taking into account socio-cultural, especially gender, aspects in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation stages of FP development programmes at community level are also explored.
Throughout the African continent the keeping of poultry by local communities has been practised for many generations. These birds currently make up more than 80% of the continent's poultry flock. ...Family poultry (FP) is a valuable asset to local human populations as it contributes significantly to their livelihoods and overall well-being, especially in disadvantaged groups and less-favoured areas of Africa. In many households, poultry are managed by women, children and vulnerable people (e.g. old and disable persons). The recent outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Africa are of major concern. The paper stresses the multiple roles of poultry at household, community and national levels. The impact of HPAI on FP production is also explored.
