The prevalence of diabetes in China is among the highest in the world. For this reason, findings from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to calculate the burden of hyperglycaemia ...and diabetes in China.
Following the general analytical strategy used in GBD 2016, diabetes prevalence and mortality were analyzed by age and gender. Trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to diabetes were assessed in 33 province-level administrative units from 1990 to 2016, and similar data were provided for chronic kidney disease (CKD) related to diabetes and, as an overall summarizing measure, for hyperglycaemia expressed as high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG).
From 1990 to 2016, all-age prevalence of diabetes rose from 3.7% to 6.6%, and all-age diabetes and diabetes-related CKD mortality rates increased by 63.5% and 33.3%, respectively, with both rates increasing more rapidly in diabetes patients aged 15–49 years than in any other age groups. In 2016, HFPG became China's sixth leading cause of DALYs, and the attributable DALYs burden was 1802.3/100,000 population. Although the number of diabetes DALYs increased by 95% from 1990 to 2016, age-standardized diabetes DALYs rates increased by only 2.3%. Also, from 1990 to 2016, rates of age-standardized DALYs due to diabetes decreased in 14 provinces, but increased in 19 provinces. High BMI Scores and diets low in whole grains, nuts and seeds were the most important risk factors for diabetes in 2016.
Diabetes and hyperglycaemia constitute a huge health burden in China. The substantial increase in diabetes-related burden represents an ongoing challenge, given the rapidly ageing Chinese population. Thus, a targeted control and preventative strategy needs to be developed at risk factor level to reduce this burden.
Resveratrol (RES) is a naturally occurring and effective drug for tumor prevention and treatment. However, its low levels of aqueous solubility, stability, and poor bioavailability limit its ...application, especially when used as a free drug. In this study, RES was loaded into peptide and sucrose liposomes (PSL) to enhance the physico-chemical properties of RES and exploit RES delivery mediated by liposomes to effectively treat breast cancer. RES loaded PSL (the complex: PSL@RES) were stable, had a good RES encapsulation efficiency, and prolonged RES-release
in vitro
. PSL@RES was exceptionally efficient for inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, as the IC
50
of PSL@RES in MCF-7 cells was found to be only 20.89 μmol L
−1
. The therapeutic efficacy of PSL@RES was evaluated in mice bearing breast cancer. The results showed that PSL@RES at a dosage of 5 mg kg
−1
was more effective than 10 mg kg
−1
free RES, and PSL@RES inhibited tumor growth completely at a dosage of 10 mg kg
−1
. PSL@RES induced apoptosis in breast tumor by upregulation of p53 expression. This then downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax, thereby inducing Caspase-3 activation. More importantly, encapsulation of RES within peptide liposomes greatly reduced the toxicity of free RES to mice. Overall, the simple formulation of liposomal nanocarriers of RES developed in this study produces satisfactory outcomes to encourage further applications of liposomal carriers for the treatment of breast cancer.
RES encapsulated in tri-peptide liposome led to obvious apoptosis of tumor cells and great inhibition of tumors at low doses, and significantly decreased the toxicity of RES to mice.
This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of chondrocyte apoptosis on the chemotaxis of osteoclast precursors (OCPs) during bone destruction.
The relationship between cartilage and bone ...destruction was verified with a rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) model. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (ZVAD) was applied to confirm the chemotactic effect of chondrocyte apoptosis on OCPs. Synthesis and release of the key chemokine CX3CL1 in apoptotic and non-apoptotic chondrocytes was assessed with IHC, IF, WB, and ELISA. The function of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in the chemotaxis of OCPs was examined by CX3XR1 inhibitor AZD8797 (AZD) and si-CX3CL1. The regulatory effect of p38 MAPK on CX3CL1 release was verified by p38 inhibitor PH-797804.
A temporal and spatial association between cartilage degradation and bone resorption was found in the TMJOA model. The caspase-dependent chondrocyte apoptosis promoted chemotaxis of OCPs, which can be restrained by ZVAD. CX3CL1 was significantly upregulated when chondrocytes underwent apoptosis, and it played a critical role in the recruitment of OCPs, blockage of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis resulted in less bone resorption in TMJOA. P38 MAPK was activated in apoptotic chondrocytes, and had a regulatory effect on the synthesis and release of CX3CL1. After inhibition of p38 by PH-797804, the chemotactic effect of apoptotic chondrocytes on OCPs was limited.
This study indicates that apoptosis of chondrocytes in TMJOA enhances chemotaxis of OCPs toward osteoclast precursors through upregulation of the p38-CX3CL1 axis, thereby promoting the activation of local osteoclasts.
Aim To investigate the value of hepatic extracellular volume fractions (fECVs) measured using routine liver computed tomography (CT) evaluating liver fibrosis (LF). Materials and methods A total of ...60 patients (male:female ratio, 39:21; mean age, 42.4 years) histologically diagnosed with LF underwent routine liver CT. Absolute enhancement (in Hounsfield units) of the liver parenchyma (Eliver ) and aorta (Eaorta ) 3 minutes after contrast medium administration was calculated using precontrast and equilibrium phase scans. The fECV was calculated using the following equation: fECV (%)=Eliver × (100 − haematocrit %)/Eaorta . Correlation between fECV and LF stage was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The fECVs were compared between each stage of LF. The diagnostic performance of fECV was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The difference among the groups was statistically significant ( p <0.05). The fECVs were significantly different ( p <0.05) between F0 versus F4, F1 versus F4, and F2 versus F4. The fECVs showed a significant correlation with pathological LF staging ( r =0.468, p =0.001). The sensitivity and specificity were 0.76 and 0.68 for severe LF (F≥3); and 0.89 and 0.63 for cirrhosis (F=4). The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) for F≥3 and F=4 were 0.757 and 0.775, respectively. Conclusions Calculation of fECV during routine contrast-enhanced liver CT may provide a non-invasive means of assessing LF.
Stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ST-LIBS) has developed into an excellent technology for remote analysis of geological samples. In this study, the rock classification capability of ...principal component analysis (PCA) was illustrated. The method of automatic spectral peaks identification with linear discriminant analysis (ASPI-LDA) was first applied for classification of rocks and compared with manual spectral peaks identification with linear discriminant analysis (MSPI-LDA). The spectra of rocks were obtained using Echelle and Czerny-Turner spectrometers at 5 m distance and the spectrum peaks were automatically and rapidly identified with ASPI-LDA, not manually identified one by one. The results suggested that MSPI-LDA outperformed PCA in classification performance and, the predictive classification accuracies were further significantly improved by ASPI-LDA with two spectrometers. Besides, the performances of two spectrometers were compared. The results showed that the ASPI-LDA algorithm remedied for the weakness of a compact Czerny-Turner spectrometer having a narrow spectral range to achieve high accuracy classification. Meanwhile, the compact spectrometer used for field detection in ST-LIBS was miniaturized and of lower cost. This indicates that ASPI-LDA combined with a compact spectrometer has a great potential for field
in situ
remote detection in ST-LIBS.
The ASPI-LDA algorithm combined with a compact spectrometer to achieve high accuracy classification, which has a great potential for field
in situ
remote detection.
ABSTRACT In this paper, we report our multiwavelength observations of the C4.2 circular-ribbon flare in active region (AR) 12434 on 2015 October 16. The short-lived flare was associated with positive ...magnetic polarities and a negative polarity inside, as revealed by the photospheric line-of-sight magnetograms. Such a magnetic pattern is strongly indicative of a magnetic null point and spine-fan configuration in the corona. The flare was triggered by the eruption of a mini-filament residing in the AR, which produced the inner flare ribbon (IFR) and the southern part of a closed circular flare ribbon (CFR). When the eruptive filament reached the null point, it triggered null point magnetic reconnection with the ambient open field and generated the bright CFR and a blowout jet. Raster observations of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph show plasma upflow at speeds of 35-120 km s−1 in the Fe xxi λ1354.09 line ( ) and downflow at speeds of 10-60 km s−1 in the Si iv λ1393.77 line ( ) at certain locations of the CFR and IFR during the impulsive phase of the flare, indicating explosive chromospheric evaporation. Coincidence of the single hard X-ray source at 12-25 keV with the IFR and calculation based on the thick-target model suggest that the explosive evaporation was most probably driven by nonthermal electrons.
Zircon, monazite, and xenotime have proven to be valuable chronometers for various geological processes due to their commonly high-U–Th and low common Pb contents. However, zircons that have ...crystallized in highly fractionated granites often have such high-U contents that radiation damage can lead to scattered U–Pb ages when measured with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this study, monazite and xenotime were separated from a number of highly fractionated granites at the Xihuashan tungsten mine, Southeast China, for alternative dating methods by SIMS. For monazite analysis, obvious excess
204
Pb signal (mainly from interference of
232
Th
144
Nd
16
O
2
++
) was observed in high-Th (>2 wt%) monazite, which hinders
204
Pb-based common Pb corrections. A
207
Pb-based common Pb correction method was used instead. By employing power law relationships between Pb
+
/U
+
versus UO
2
+
/U
+
, Pb
+
/Th
+
versus ThO
2
+
/Th
+
and suitable exponentials, monazites with ThO
2
contents in the range of ~3–19 % do not exhibit this matrix effect. Independent SIMS U–Pb ages and Th–Pb ages of three phases of Xihuashan granite samples were consistent with each other and yielded dates of 158.7 ± 0.7, 158.0 ± 0.7, and 156.9 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively. Xenotime does show marked matrix effects due to variations of U, Th, and Y or total rare earth element (REE), referred as ΣREE hereafter contents. Suitable correction factors require end-member standards with extremely high or low U, Th, and Y (or ΣREE) contents. No excess
204
Pb was observed, indicating that the
204
Pb-based common Pb correction method is feasible. Independent
207
Pb/
206
Pb ages can be obtained, although multi-collector mode is necessary to improve precision. The main difficulties with dating xenotime are when high-Th (U) mineral inclusions are ablated. We can identify when this occurs, however, by comparing the measured UO
2
+
/U
+
and ThO
2
+
/Th
+
with those in xenotime standards. Three xenotime samples from the first phase of Xihuashan granite yielded a weighted mean
207
Pb/
206
Pb date of 159.5 ± 4.4 Ma (MSWD = 1.0) and a
206
Pb/
238
U date of 159.4 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 1.6), which are consistent with monazite U–Pb and Th–Pb ages from the same granites. This study demonstrates that monazite and xenotime are better SIMS chronometers for highly fractionated granites than zircon, which can yield doubtful ages due to high-U contents.
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