Background: During functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), intranasal bleeding affects operative field visibility and increases the frequency of complications. Therefore, hypotensive anesthesia ...is a widely used technique to improve surgical outcomes. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of propofol and dexmedetomidine infusion for hypotensive anesthesia in patients undergoing FESS.Methods: This prospective randomized trial was conducted in 80 adult patients aged between 18 and 50 years who were scheduled for FESS under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: group P (n = 40) received propofol infusion of 100–200 µg/kg/min and group D (n = 40) received dexmedetomidine infusion with a loading dose of 1 µg/kg over 10 min after induction, followed by maintenance infusion of 0.4–0.8 µg/kg/h. Intraoperative blood loss, quality of the surgical field (based on the Fromme–Boezaart scale), hemodynamic control, and patient recovery were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software using Student’s t-test, chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney U test.Results: The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in group D throughout the surgery than in group P. Blood loss was significantly higher in group P (100.73 ± 18.12 ml) than in group D (85.70 ± 18.56 ml). The average number of patients with Fromme’s score 1/2/3 was comparable between the groups. Intraoperatively, only one incidence of bradycardia and hypotension was observed in group D (2.5%) compared with that in group P, which was insignificant.Conclusions: Both dexmedetomidine and propofol are efficacious and safe drugs for facilitating controlled hypotension during FESS; however, dexmedetomidine provides better hemodynamic control and is associated with lesser blood loss without any significant adverse effects.
•This study is focused on the understanding distribution of nutrients in the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean, their significance on biogeochemical cycles and the impact of water masses on ...nutrients.•The nutrient maxima were recorded at shallower depths.•EEIO surface water was found to be oligotrophic with bio-limiting nitrogen.•An excess of phosphate over nitrate was found between 50-100m depth.•Shallow-depth mineralization was noticed in this region during the study.•Insignificant influence of Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) on nutrient values.•Allochthonous supply of organic matter comes through Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) influencing and augmenting nutrient regeneration.
The seasonal reversal of ocean circulation associated with seasonal change in the direction of prevailing winds and the occurrence of several anomalous events in the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) make this region dynamic and complex in terms of its biogeochemical characteristics. Two multidisciplinary cruises were conducted to measure nutrients and associated physicochemical parameters across the water column (up to 1000 m) of the EEIO during boreal summer and winter monsoons to understand the distribution of nutrients and their spatio-temporal variability from a biogeochemical perspective. The seasonality in the thermohaline structure of the region is indistinct except for surface salinity drop during summer monsoon due to more precipitation on-site and in adjoining areas. Low concentrations of chlorophyll at the surface and in the deep chlorophyll maxima represent the oligotrophic nature of this region. Surface water was found nutrient-depleted (0.03–0.4 µM Nitrate, 0.02–0.13 µM Phosphate). The maxima of vertical profiles of nitrate and phosphate were recorded at a shallower depth (150–200 m) when compared to its maxima in usual oceanic conditions, but a silicate maximum was recorded in deeper water. In the surface and upper mixed layer paucity of nutrients resulted in low N:P and N:Si ratios. Therefore, nitrogen limitation is evident. The overall ratio of N:P yielded a mean value of 15.33 and matched with the representative literature value for the Indian Ocean. The minimum oxygen values (<50 µM) in the deep water (150–200 m) indicated a hypoxic condition. No signature of denitrification and a moderate nitrate deficit were observed in deep waters. The negative values of Nitrate anomaly (N-tracer) at 50–100 m depth were attributed to a Watermass influenced by denitrification. The prevailing oligotrophic condition caused limited synthesis of organic matter and subsequently little decomposition in deep water. The maxima in the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) profile are confined to 150 to 200 m depth and represent the most active zone for regeneration that is limited to shallow depth. Regenerated nutrients reached maxima at shallower depth and primarily control material cycling in this region. Supply of nitrate to the surface water based on the preformed values of prevailing water mass was primarily by Bay of Bengal water. According to the findings of this study, preformed nitrate concentrations between 100 and 200 metres below the surface were found very low, indicating that Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) has little impact on the distribution of nutrients in this area.
Tidal transport from coastal wetlands (“outwelling”), together with riverine fluxes, provide the most important sources of terrigenous organic matter (OM) to the ocean. The flux of dissolved organic ...carbon (DOC) from the mangrove swamps accounts for 10% of the terrestrial DOC flux to the coastal water. This study examines the sources, distribution, and export of dissolved OM at interannual, seasonal, and diurnal bases along the estuaries located at the Sundarbans, the world’s largest deltaic mangrove and heritage site. Sampling was carried out from the riverine (Hooghly) and mangrove-dominated tidal estuaries (Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Matla), covering all three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) during 2012–2017. DOC varied at a broad range, from 109 to 462 μM (n = 146), with higher concentration observed in the Hooghly (383 ± 120 μM, n = 35) than the mangrove estuaries (246 ± 82 to 266 ± 120 μM, n = 111). Non-conservative mixing of DOC along the salinity gradient attested to mangrove input, particularly in the polyhaline waters. Upper and mid estuarine zones of the mangrove estuaries showed slightly higher DOC concentration (270 ± 92 μM, n = 84, salinity range 18–25) than in the mouth (250 ± 85 μM, n = 27, salinity range 26–27), because of the dilution with marine waters having low DOC concentration and shorter water residence time downstream. Seasonally, higher DOC concentration during the post-monsoon might be linked to higher litterfall, promoting leaching of organic compounds to the water. In that connection, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) could be a by-product of mangrove litter leaching, and its absorption coefficient (at 350 nm) exhibited non-conservative mixing pattern at wide ranges from 2.5 to 7.6 m−1 (n = 40). CDOM enrichment was observed in the surface water during the low tide when outwelling maximized. Overall, the central and eastern parts of the Indian Sundarbans showed enrichment of more terrigenous type CDOM (evident from optical proxies, e.g., S275–295 and SUVA254) than the western part, probably due to greater mangrove productivity in the eastern side. Flux estimates of DOM resulted in higher yield and export of mangrove-derived DOC but lower export of CDOM to the Bay of Bengal as compared to their riverine transport.
This work investigates the cumulative dose 60 Co gamma (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\gamma </tex-math></inline-formula>) - ray irradiation effects on enhancement mode HEMT devices ...inheriting 3D - Electron and Hole Gases for dosimeter applications. The devices are irradiated through a 60 Co source and demonstrate the enhancement in the drain current metrics. To elucidate, the said devices were irradiated through different mechanisms and the Compton effect was investigated through contour plots via TCAD simulations. The degradation of Schottky Gate contact and insulator charging affects the 2D - Hole Gas at the GaN cap and thereby affects the bottleneck at the 3DEG sheet. This significantly affects the OFF - state leakage components of the said device and can therefore be exploited for potential use in sensing and dosimeter applications. The leakage components can be exploited further to improve the linearity of the dosimeter by considering different grading profiles of the AlGaN layer. In this regard, a workflow for optimizing the sensitivity and linearity of the dosimeter through different graded profiles is also presented. Amongst all, gaussian graded profiles have been identified as the best - case scenario considering the sensitivity and exhibiting a linear operation.
The world’s largest mangroves ecosystem, the Sundarbans, being highly productive and a place for extensive organic matter cycling, is considered to be the hotspot for biogeochemical studies in the ...tropical estuarine environment. Hence, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the biogenic gases (CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O), also known as radiatively active gases, were measured in mangrove-dominated estuaries of the system. In addition to spatial and seasonal observation, three full tidal cycles were observed at one site. Results showed that the air/water gas saturations were widely distributed and highly variable along the stretch. The gas saturations showed varying responses to salinity and tidal fluctuations. This indicated that localized biogeochemical processes may be more influential than simple mixing and dilution processes in controlling the variability of these gases. The surface waters were always supersaturated with CH
4
(Up to 13,133%) relative to the atmosphere. However, N
2
O ranged from 8 to 1,286% and CO
2
from 30 to 2075%. N
2
O fluxes were ∼4.8 times higher in the pre-monsoon than the post-monsoon. CH
4
fluxes were ∼3.6 times higher in the pre-monsoon than both the monsoon and the post-monsoon. CO
2
fluxes were ∼10 times higher in the monsoon than both the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon. The seasonality in the gas saturation could be linked more to the availability of substrates than physicochemical parameters. Overall, air/water CH
4
fluxes varied maximally (0.4–18.4 μmol m
−2
d
−1
), followed by CO
2
fluxes (−0.6–10.9 mmol m
−2
d
−1
), and N
2
O fluxes varied the least of all (−0.6–5.4 μmol m
−2
d
−1
). Interestingly, CH
4
and N
2
O fluxes were positively correlated to each other (
p
< 0.05), suggesting organic matter decomposition as the key factor in the production of these two gases. Finally, these water–air CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O flux estimates show that the estuaries are a modest source of CH
4
but fluctuate between sources and sinks for CO
2
and N
2
O gases.
Rice followed by wheat is the dominant cropping system in the middle Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). Lower productivity (4.8 t ha
−1
) of this cropping system in Bihar, compared to the national average ...(6.8 t ha
−1
) due to several climate- and production-related issues, is a matter of concern for the farmers and the policymakers. Keeping all these in view, an experiment with rice–wheat cropping system was carried out during 2020–21 and 2021–22 in 17 adopted villages of 13 districts of Bihar under the Project “Climate Resilient Agriculture Program (CRAP)” to evaluate the feasibility of early transplanting of rice in the month of June with the aim of achieving higher system productivity by early harvesting of rice and subsequent timely sowing of wheat before 15 November with the provision of assured irrigation. In this study, the concept of an innovative community irrigation approach and single-phase 3-hp submersible pump was employed. Long-duration rice variety (150 days) Rajendra Mahsuri-1 was sown during 20–25 May in the nursery and transplanted through puddling operation during 15–20 June in 17 locations. Under delayed conditions, the nursery sowing and transplanting window were 10–15 June and 10–15 July, respectively. Timely sown rice grown with the provision of a community irrigation system achieved a grain yield of 5.2 t ha
−1
and 85.8% higher water productivity, compared to late-sown crops. Following the harvest of rice, the HD-2967 variety of wheat was planted in the first fortnight of November and harvested in the first week of April, yielding 4.9 t ha
−1
with the application of 2–3 irrigations based on soil type and evaporative demand. Timely harvesting of wheat facilitated farmers of the region to take an additional crop of summer green gram. With an assured irrigation system and shifting planting dates and thereby managing climatic risks, the overall productivity of the rice–wheat cropping system was achieved to the tune of 10.1 t ha
−1
with a cropping intensity of 300% for better adaptation and sustainable production.
In this work, TCAD-based investigation of junctionLess (JL) architecture having double gate (DG) has been performed for visualizing the sensitivity of the device against light intensity. Comparison ...has been drawn between conventional DG MOSFET and DG-JL transistor (DG-JLT) under dark and light conditions. Effect of light intensity and wavelength has been modulated to optimize the device sensitivity. Higher shift in the drain current (in subthreshold region) has been observed at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.35~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> of wavelength, i.e., more sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The improved sensitivity of DG-JLT as compared to DG-MOSFET is due to the better subthreshold characteristics of the device (i.e., lower leakage current and subthreshold slope). From the results, it can be concluded that the DG-JLT with channel doping of 10 19 cm −3 , 10 nm of channel thickness, and having 1 nm of oxide thickness is the best possible choice for UV photodetector due to high sensitivity and responsivity. It has also been observed that more optimizing parameters are available with DG-JLT as the DG-MOSFET is immune toward the device parameter variation.
Electrospinning of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber (NF) was carried out with bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and Triton X 100 (TX 100) surfactants. PCL and surfactant concentration were ...optimized to get fine NF. The morphological study of the NF was carried out by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The structural changes were evaluated by X‐ray diffraction, and its elemental mapping was analyzed by energy dispersive X‐ray mapping. The addition of surfactants altered the morphology of PCL NFs and improved their physiochemical properties, such as wettability, roughness and crystallinity. Among these two surfactants, AOT gave a better NF structure. In the presence of AOT, the hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) was incorporated as the herbal drug, and antibacterial behavior against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria was monitored. The novelty of this work was in the use of a surfactant as a cospinning agent for dual purposes in a single step. The surfactant changed the hydrophobic PCL into a superhydrophilic matrix and incorporated herbal extract to develop an infection‐resistance nanofiber. The developed PCL/TA nanofiber showed excellent potential as an antimicrobial agent with antioxidant properties.
In the present work, the suitability of bulk JunctionLess Transistors (JLT) having a Ground Plane (GP) layer within Buried OXide (BOX) (i.e. HfO 2 as oxide material) has been demonstrated for ...detecting long wavelength Ultraviolet (UVA) light (i.e. in the range of 315nm to 400nm). Comparisons have been performed with the conventional bulk SOI JL Transistor to explore the suitability of the incorporated GP in the high-k BOX region for the detection of UVA light. The incorporated GP in the SOI JLT (having high-k BOX) spreads the Electric Field (EF) towards the drain side, that further signifies diminished leakage current (at zero gate bias) and hence higher sensitivity against UVA light. Improvement in the device sensitivity against UVA light has also been observed by tuning the GP depth (d GP ) (i.e. lower d GP results in improved sensitivity (3×10 3 to 1×10 5 ) and higher I on /I off ). The doping of the GP layer at d GP =10nm further helps in improving the device sensitivity, especially from 3.4×10 3 to 1.73×10 5 which is almost similar to the sensitivity achieved from the device at d GP =4nm (i.e. 2.2×10 5 ). Using S/D having a work function of 3.9 eV, further improvement in sensitivity has been achieved, which is significantly high at d GP =10nm (almost double) as compared to d GP =4nm (18% improvement in I Light /I dark ratio). The high-k gate oxide also enhances the device sensitivity at the cost of increased decay time (i.e, when the device is completely turned off). Results also demonstrated that the impact of parameter variation is lower at d GP =4nm compared to d GP =10nm.
Small nucleolar RNAs are a highly conserved group of small RNAs found in eukaryotic cells. Genes encoding these RNAs are diversely located throughout the genome. They are functionally conserved, ...performing post transcriptional modification (methylation and pseudouridylation) of rRNA and other nuclear RNAs. They belong to two major categories: the C/D box and H/ACA box containing snoRNAs. U3 snoRNA is an exceptional member of C/D box snoRNAs and is involved in early processing of pre-rRNA. An antisense sequence is present in each snoRNA which guides the modification or processing of target RNA. However, some snoRNAs lack this sequence and often they are called orphan snoRNAs.
We have searched snoRNAs of Entamoeba histolytica from the genome sequence using computational programmes (snoscan and snoSeeker) and we obtained 99 snoRNAs (C/D and H/ACA box snoRNAs) along with 5 copies of Eh_U3 snoRNAs. These are located diversely in the genome, mostly in intergenic regions, while some are found in ORFs of protein coding genes, intron and UTRs. The computationally predicted snoRNAs were validated by RT-PCR and northern blotting. The expected sizes were in agreement with the observed sizes for all C/D box snoRNAs tested, while for some of the H/ACA box there was indication of processing to generate shorter products.
Our results showed the presence of snoRNAs in E. histolytica, an early branching eukaryote, and the structural features of E. histolytica snoRNAs were well conserved when compared with yeast and human snoRNAs. This study will help in understanding the evolution of these conserved RNAs in diverse phylogenetic groups.
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