Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of nano-scatterers that modify optical wavefronts at subwavelength spatial resolution. They are poised to revolutionize optics by enabling complex ...low-cost systems where multiple metasurfaces are lithographically stacked and integrated with electronics. For imaging applications, metasurface stacks can perform sophisticated image corrections and can be directly integrated with image sensors. Here we demonstrate this concept with a miniature flat camera integrating a monolithic metasurface lens doublet corrected for monochromatic aberrations, and an image sensor. The doublet lens, which acts as a fisheye photographic objective, has a small f-number of 0.9, an angle-of-view larger than 60° × 60°, and operates at 850 nm wavelength with 70% focusing efficiency. The camera exhibits nearly diffraction-limited image quality, which indicates the potential of this technology in the development of optical systems for microscopy, photography, and computer vision.
The Youngstown Neighborhood Development Corporation initiated a 'Lots of Green' programme to reuse vacant land in 2010. We performed a difference-in-differences analysis of the effects of this ...programme on crime in and around newly treated lots, in comparison to crimes in and around randomly selected and matched, untreated vacant lot controls. The effects of two types of vacant lot treatments on crime were tested: a cleaning and greening 'stabilisation' treatment and a 'community reuse' treatment mostly involving community gardens. The combined effects of both types of vacant lot treatments were also tested. After adjustment for various sociodemographic factors, linear and Poisson regression models demonstrated statistically significant reductions in all crime classes for at least one lot treatment type. Regression models adjusted for spatial autocorrelation found the most consistent significant reductions in burglaries around stabilisation lots, and in assaults around community reuse lots. Spill-over crime reduction effects were found in contiguous areas around newly treated lots. Significant increases in motor vehicle thefts around both types of lots were also found after they had been greened. Community-initiated vacant lot greening may have a greater impact on reducing more serious, violent crimes.
One of the important advantages of optical metasurfaces over conventional diffractive optical elements is their capability to efficiently deflect light by large angles. However, metasurfaces are ...conventionally designed using approaches that are optimal for small deflection angles and their performance for designing high numerical aperture devices is not well quantified. Here we introduce and apply a technique for the estimation of the efficiency of high numerical aperture metasurfaces. The technique is based on a particular coherent averaging of diffraction coefficients of periodic blazed gratings and can be used to compare the performance of different metasurface designs in implementing high numerical aperture devices. Unlike optimization-based methods that rely on full-wave simulations and are only practicable in designing small metasurfaces, the gradient averaging technique allows for the design of arbitrarily large metasurfaces. Using this technique, we identify an unconventional metasurface design and experimentally demonstrate a metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.78 and a measured focusing efficiency of 77%. The grating averaging is a versatile technique applicable to many types of gradient metasurfaces, thus enabling highly efficient metasurface components and systems.
There have been no large-scale reports elucidating the relative risks of developing metabolic diseases in adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients compared to ...the general population.
This work aimed to investigate the relative risk of developing metabolic diseases and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease (CVA) in allo-HSCT recipients compared to the general population in a real-world setting, using a large Korean cohort under long-term observation.
We conducted a population-based case-control study and analyzed data of 8230 adult allo-HSCT recipients and 32 920 healthy individuals matched for age, sex, and index date in a 1:4 ratio, using a nationwide database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Thereafter, we established 4 substudies to investigate the relative risks of metabolic disease development following allo-HSCT: hypertension (cohort A study), diabetes (cohort B study), dyslipidemia (cohort C study), and CVA (cohort D study).
The 10-year cumulative incidence of metabolic disease in each experimental cohort was statistically significantly higher than that in the control cohort (overall P value < .001 for all): cohort A study, 17.6% vs 11.8%; cohort B study, 23.5% vs 14.4%; cohort C study for dyslipidemia, 44.5% vs 32.1%; and cohort D study for CVA, 4.2% vs 3.2%. In comparison to the incidence of metabolic diseases in the general population, allo-HSCT recipients presented adjusted hazard ratios of 1.58 for hypertension, 2.06 for diabetes, 1.62 for dyslipidemia, and 1.45 for CVA.
Recipients of allo-HSCT need to be rigorously monitored for the development of metabolic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CVA, based on an enhanced lifelong health care policy including a robust screening program compared to the general population.
•The emerald ash borer (EAB) began killing ash trees in Cincinnati in 2007.•We used a natural experiment approach to assess impact of tree loss on crime.•We compared crimes in EAB-infested ...blockgroups to those in non-infested blockgroups.•Multiple crime types had significant and positive associations with EAB infestation.•Urban trees may reduce crime.
The ecological impact of invasive tree pests is increasing worldwide. However, invasive tree pests may also have significant social costs. We investigated the association between the emerald ash borer (EAB)—an invasive tree pest first discovered in the US in 2002—and crime in Cincinnati, Ohio. We used a natural experimental approach, and compared crime (in 11 classes) on census block groups infested with EAB with crime on block groups not infested with EAB between 2005 and 2014. We accounted for demographic and biological differences between infested and un-infested block groups using propensity-score weighting. EAB infestation was significantly and positively associated with relative increases in crime in all but four crime categories. Our results suggest that invasive tree pests may be associated with social costs worth considering when managing invasive species. By extension, healthy trees may provide significant social benefits.
Early diagnosis and following management are important determinants of the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM). However, screening for MM is not routinely performed because it is rare disease. In this ...study, we evaluated the association of prior disease condition and socioeconomic status (SES) with MM diagnosis and developed a simple predictive model that can identify patients at high risk of developing MM who may need screening using nationwide database from South Korea. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, eight prior disease conditions and SES before diagnosis were shown to be predictors of MM development and selected for score development. Total prediction scores were categorized into four groups: patients without any risk (≤ 0) intermediate-1 (0.5-9), intermediate-2 (9-14), and high risk (> 14). The odds ratios for developing MM in the intermediate-1, intermediate-2, and high-risk groups were 1.29, 3.07, and 4.62, respectively. The association of prior disease conditions and SES with MM diagnosis were demonstrated and the simple scoring system to predict the MM risk was developed. This scoring system is also provided by web-based application and could be a useful tool to support clinicians in identifying potential candidates for MM screening.
Abstract
Fast and accurate electromagnetic simulation of large-area metasurfaces remains a major obstacle in automating their design. In this paper, we propose a metasurface simulation distribution ...strategy which achieves a linear reduction in the simulation time with the number of compute nodes. Combining this distribution strategy with a GPU-based implementation of the Transition-matrix method, we perform accurate simulations and adjoint sensitivity analysis of large-area metasurfaces. We demonstrate ability to perform a distributed simulation of large-area metasurfaces (over 600
λ
× 600
λ
), while accurately accounting for scatterer-scatterer interactions significantly beyond the locally periodic approximation.
Tacrolimus shows high variability in inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetics (PK); therefore, it is important to develop an appropriate model for accurate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) ...procedures. This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus that can be used for TDM procedures in Korean adult transplant recipients by integrating published models with acquired real-world TDM data and evaluating clinically meaningful covariates.
Clinical data of 1829 trough blood samples from 269 subjects were merged with simulated data sets from published models and analyzed using a nonlinear mixed-effect model. The stochastic simulation and estimation (SSE) method was used to obtain the final parameter estimates.
The final estimated values for apparent clearance, the volume of distribution, and absorption rate were 21.2 L/h, 510 L, and 3.1/h, respectively. The number of postoperative days, age, body weight, and type of transplant organs were the major clinical factors affecting tacrolimus PK.
A tacrolimus PK model that can incorporate published PK models and newly collected data from the Korean population was developed using the SSE method. Despite the limitations in model development owing to the nature of TDM data, the SSE method was useful in retrieving complete information from the TDM data by integrating published PK models while maintaining the variability of the model.
We developed an integrated dual-modal photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography (PA-OCT) system using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source to simultaneously provide both optical ...absorption and scattering contrasts. A pulsed broadband supercontinuum source was generated by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and a photonic-crystal fiber. When we imaged two colored hairs, the black hair was visible in both PA and OCT images, whereas the white hair was only mapped in the OCT image. The single laser source will potentially allow us to implement relatively simple, cheap, and compact dual-modal PA-OCT systems, which are key criteria for fast clinical translation and commercialization.
This article aims to identify possible changes in the East Asian unequal treaty system in the early 1880s. In 1880, Korea confirmed that China and Japan had suffered from economic damage due to the ...loss of 5 percent import duty rate and tariff autonomy, and that Japan was preparing the Western powers to revise treaties. Therefore, Korea drafted a treaty that guaranteed the tariff rate of 10% on major imports and Korea’s tariff autonomy based on Japan’s draft of a treaties revision toward Western powers. China, which mediated the settlement of the treaties between Korea and Western powers, secured Korea with an import tariff rate of 10–30 % and tariff autonomy. However, China applied a 5 percent import tariff to Korea, which was in effect in China and Japan, through Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade between Chinese and Korean Subjects (1882). Japan also applied an import tariff of 8 percent and denied Korea’s tariff autonomy in regulations under which Japanese trade is to be conducted in Korea (1883). In the extension, Korea and Britain set a tariff rate of 7.5 % on major imports in the second Korea-Britain Treaty (1883). The 7.5% tariff was higher than the 5% tariff in China and Japan. However, the 7.5% tariff was the amount of the import duties and transit duties of China combined. Although Japan imposed only a 5% tariff, she strictly prohibited Westerners’ trade in areas other than the open ports. On the other hand, according to the second Korea-Britain Treaty, Korea imposed a tariff of 5 % and 7.5 % on most imports. The average tariff applied in Korea was only about 7%. Furthermore, Westerners in Korea were free to trade in all areas as well as open ports. The possibility of revising the East Asian unequal treaty system, which was proposed since 1880, ended up being disadvantageous to Korea.
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