Economic inequality increases risk taking Payne, B. Keith; Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin L.; Hannay, Jason W.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
05/2017, Letnik:
114, Številka:
18
Journal Article
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Rising income inequality is a global trend. Increased income inequality has been associated with higher rates of crime, greater consumer debt, and poorer health outcomes. The mechanisms linking ...inequality to poor outcomes among individuals are poorly understood. This research tested a behavioral account linking inequality to individual decision making. In three experiments (n = 811), we found that higher inequality in the outcomes of an economic game led participants to take greater risks to try to achieve higher outcomes. This effect of unequal distributions on risk taking was driven by upward social comparisons. Next, we estimated economic risk taking in daily life using large-scale data from internet searches. Risk taking was higher in states with greater income inequality, an effect driven by inequality at the upper end of the income distribution. Results suggest that inequality may promote poor outcomes, in part, by increasing risky behavior.
Implicit bias reflects systemic racism Payne, B. Keith; Hannay, Jason W.
Trends in cognitive sciences,
November 2021, 2021-11-00, 20211101, Letnik:
25, Številka:
11
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Implicit bias refers to automatically evoked mental associations about social groups. The idea has been influential across the social sciences as a way to explain persistent racial disparities amid ...changing self-report attitudes. Most research has treated implicit bias as an individual attitude. However, evidence suggests that it is neither a stable individual difference nor a strong correlate of individual behavior. Moreover, the individual-focused approach can lead researchers to neglect systemic racism as a cause of persistent disparities. We argue that implicit bias can be considered a cognitive reflection of systemic racism in the environment. In this view, implicit bias is an ongoing set of associations based on inequalities and stereotypes in the environment. As such, implicit bias changes when contexts change.
Implicit bias has typically been understood as an individual attitude. We challenge this assumption by showing that implicit bias is neither a stable individual difference nor a robust predictor of individual behavior. Instead, we argue that implicit bias reflects the mind’s ongoing predictions based on regularities in the environment.This context-based view of implicit bias suggests that the average level of bias in an environment, such as a workplace, city, or country, is diagnostic of the systemic racism in that environment.Implicit bias may serve as a marker of – and a driver of – systemic inequalities.Although efforts to reduce implicit bias may be effective in the short term, longer term change is more likely to come from directly changing systems, policies, and processes that sustain inequalities.
This article argues that William Baldwin's Beware the Cat is an already intensely theatrical text, prior to any form of dramatic adaptation. This proposition, and an exploration of how these concerns ...are subtly and playfully taken up by Babbage, Stenner and O'Connor's 2018 stage adaptation, is the focus of the essay. I anchor my discussion in the logic and discourses of dramaturgical practice and analysis to offer a reading that addresses the role of artifice, spectatorship, materiality, embodiment, textuality and narrative in the work and its interest in the makerly processes through which animal and human identities are constructed, assigned and negotiated. I propose that Beware the Cat, in both textual and live form, explores and negotiates three kinds of dramaturgical boundary crossings - between text and performance, between matter and meaning, and between performer and spectator. Overall, I propose that the titular 'beware' acts as a form of dramaturgical instruction for working with the text in a live context. I argue that, because Baldwin's original work is so strikingly theatrical in its themes and structure, it offers a set of principles for the process of the work's theatrical adaptation as much as it invites a reworking of its content for another form.
The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) has an equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of 5.3 K. ECS is an emergent property of both climate feedbacks and aerosol forcing. The increase in ...ECS over the previous version (CESM1) is the result of cloud feedbacks. Interim versions of CESM2 had a land model that damped ECS. Part of the ECS change results from evolving the model configuration to reproduce the long‐term trend of global and regional surface temperature over the twentieth century in response to climate forcings. Changes made to reduce sensitivity to aerosols also impacted cloud feedbacks, which significantly influence ECS. CESM2 simulations compare very well to observations of present climate. It is critical to understand whether the high ECS, outside the best estimate range of 1.5–4.5 K, is plausible.
Key Points
The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) has an Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) of 5.3 K
ECS change is mostly due to atmospheric cloud feedbacks, with land surface impacts in intermediate versions
Processes that impact ECS through cloud feedbacks also impact aerosol forcing of climate
While internal climate variability is known to affect climate projections, its influence is often underappreciated and confused with model error. Why? In general, modeling centers contribute a small ...number of realizations to international climate model assessments e.g., phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). As a result, model error and internal climate variability are difficult, and at times impossible, to disentangle. In response, the Community Earth System Model (CESM) community designed the CESM Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) with the explicit goal of enabling assessment of climate change in the presence of internal climate variability. All CESM-LE simulations use a single CMIP5 model (CESM with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5). The core simulations replay the twenty to twenty-first century (1920–2100) 30 times under historical and representative concentration pathway 8.5 external forcing with small initial condition differences. Two companion 1000+-yr-long preindustrial control simulations (fully coupled, prognostic atmosphere and land only) allow assessment of internal climate variability in the absence of climate change. Comprehensive outputs, including many daily fields, are available as single-variable time series on the Earth System Grid for anyone to use. Early results demonstrate the substantial influence of internal climate variability on twentieth- to twenty-first-century climate trajectories. Global warming hiatus decades occur, similar to those recently observed. Internal climate variability alone can produce projection spread comparable to that in CMIP5. Scientists and stakeholders can use CESM-LE outputs to help interpret the observational record, to understand projection spread and to plan for a range of possible futures influenced by both internal climate variability and forced climate change.
The classical method for identifying cause-effect relationships is to conduct controlled experiments. This paper reports upon the present state of how controlled experiments in software engineering ...are conducted and the extent to which relevant information is reported. Among the 5,453 scientific articles published in 12 leading software engineering journals and conferences in the decade from 1993 to 2002, 103 articles (1.9 percent) reported controlled experiments in which individuals or teams performed one or more software engineering tasks. This survey quantitatively characterizes the topics of the experiments and their subjects (number of subjects, students versus professionals, recruitment, and rewards for participation), tasks (type of task, duration, and type and size of application) and environments (location, development tools). Furthermore, the survey reports on how internal and external validity is addressed and the extent to which experiments are replicated. The gathered data reflects the relevance of software engineering experiments to industrial practice and the scientific maturity of software engineering research.
Background
Retroperitoneal sarcoma comprises a range of different histological subtypes with dissimilar behaviour and biology. This study sought to characterize the morbidity and mortality associated ...with multivisceral resection and oncological outcomes according to subtype.
Methods
All patients undergoing resection of primary retroperitoneal sarcoma at the Royal Marsden Hospital between January 2005 and December 2014 were identified from a database.
Results
Some 362 patients underwent resection, with 292 requiring multivisceral resection. The 30‐day mortality rate was 1·4 per cent (5 patients), the 30‐day morbidity rate was 15·7 per cent (57 patients), and 27 patients required a return to theatre. Age over 75 years was predictive of 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio 1·37, 95 per cent c.i. 1·13 to 1·65). The overall disease‐specific survival rate at 3 years was 81·2 per cent. For well differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, 3‐year local recurrence‐free survival rates were 98 (95 per cent c.i. 83 to 99), 56·7 (45·7 to 66·2) and 80 (67 to 89) per cent respectively. At 3 years the distant metastasis‐free survival rate was 100, 85·9 (77·4 to 91·4) and 65 (49 to 77) per cent, and the disease‐specific survival rate was 97 (89 to 99), 78·5 (74·6 to 82·4) and 79 (63 to 85) per cent for well differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma respectively.
Conclusion
Resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma was associated with a 30‐day mortality rate of less than 2 per cent and a morbidity rate of 15·7 per cent. The overall 3‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 81·2 per cent.
Treatment at specialized units is preferred
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