This book examines the causal impact of ideology through a comparative-historical analysis of three cases of 'post-imperial democracy': the early Third Republic in France (1870–86); the Weimar ...Republic in Germany (1918–34); and post-Soviet Russia (1992–2008). Hanson argues that political ideologies are typically necessary for the mobilization of enduring, independent national party organizations in uncertain democracies. By presenting an explicit and desirable picture of the political future, successful ideologues induce individuals to embrace a long-run strategy of cooperation with other converts. When enough new converts cooperate in this way, it enables sustained collective action to defend and extend party power. Successful party ideologies thus have the character of self-fulfilling prophecies: by portraying the future polity as one organized to serve the interests of those loyal to specific ideological principles, they help to bring political organizations centered on these principles into being.
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the collapse of the USSR naturally provokes us to reflect on the course of Eurasian and world history in the post-communist era. Upon closer examination, however, it ...is not clear what significance the precise time span of two and a half decades has for the scientific study of political and institutional change. A review of the social science literature indicates that we are very far from having any consensual understanding of how long processes of regime evolution typically take—and thus, how to establish the relevant time span for judging the scientific accuracy of initial predictions about the outcomes of post-communist “transitions.” I argue that the first step in assessing the lessons of post-Soviet political change to date, from a social-scientific point of view, lies in defining the term “regime” more precisely, so that scholars can at least agree when one regime has ended and another begun. In this respect, Weberian sociological theory provides useful conceptual materials for a more general theory of “regime evolution” within which the empirical results of the first twenty-five years of post-Soviet change can be situated.
The corrosion behavior of Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) is investigated in hydrogenated water at 260
°C. The corrosion kinetics are observed to be parabolic, the parabolic rate constant being determined by ...chemical descaling to be 0.055
mg
dm
−2
h
−1/2. A combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, supplemented by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, are used to identify the oxide phases present (i.e., spinel) and to characterize their morphology and thickness. Two oxide layers are identified: an outer, ferrite-rich layer and an inner, chromite-rich layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with argon ion milling and target factor analysis is applied to determine spinel stoichiometry; the inner layer is (Ni
0.7Fe
0.3)(Fe
0.3Cr
0.7)
2O
4, while the outer layer is (Ni
0.9Fe
0.1)(Fe
0.85Cr
0.15)
2O
4. The distribution of trivalent iron and chromium cations in the inner and outer oxide layers is essentially the same as that found previously in stainless steel corrosion oxides, thus confirming their invariant nature as solvi in the immiscible spinel binary Fe
3O
4–FeCr
2O
4 (or NiFe
2O
4–NiCr
2O
4). Although oxidation occurred non-selectively, excess quantities of nickel(II) oxide were not found. Instead, the excess nickel was accounted for as recrystallized nickel metal in the inner layer, as additional nickel ferrite in the outer layer, formed by pickup of iron ions from the aqueous phase, and by selective release to the aqueous phase.
A strategy to create organic molecules with high degrees of radical spin multiplicity is reported in which molecular design is correlated with the behaviour of radical anions in a series of BODIPY ...dyads. Upon reduction of each BODIPY moiety radical anions are formed which are shown to have different spin multiplicities by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and distinct profiles in their cyclic voltammograms and UV-visible spectra. The relationship between structure and multiplicity is demonstrated showing that the balance between singlet, biradical or triplet states in the dyads depends on relative orientation and connectivity of the BODIPY groups. The strategy is applied to the synthesis of a BODIPY triad which adopts an unusual quartet state upon reduction to its radical trianion.
A strategy to create organic molecules with high degrees of radical spin multiplicity is reported in which molecular design is correlated with the behaviour of radical anions in a series of BODIPY dyads.
Photoproduction of dihydrogen (H2) by a low molecular weight analogue of the active site of NiFe hydrogenase has been investigated by reduction of the NiFe2 cluster, 1, by a photosensitier PS (PS = ...ReCl(CO)3(bpy) or Ru(bpy)3PF62). Reductive quenching of the 3MLCT excited state of the photosensitizer by NEt3 or N(CH2CH2OH)3 (TEOA) generates PS •– , and subsequent intermolecular electron transfer to 1 produces the reduced anionic form of 1. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR) has been used to probe the intermediates throughout the reduction of 1 and subsequent photocatalytic H2 production from HTEOABF4, which was monitored by gas chromatography. Two structural isomers of the reduced form of 1 (1a •– and 1b •– ) were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in both CH3CN and DMF (dimethylformamide), while only 1a •– was detected in CH2Cl2. Structures for these intermediates are proposed from the results of density functional theory calculations and FTIR spectroscopy. 1a •– is assigned to a similar structure to 1 with six terminal carbonyl ligands, while calculations suggest that in 1b •– two of the carbonyl groups bridge the Fe centers, consistent with the peak observed at 1714 cm–1 in the FTIR spectrum for 1b •– in CH3CN, assigned to a ν(CO) stretching vibration. Formation of 1a •– and 1b •– and production of H2 was studied in CH3CN, DMF, and CH2Cl2. Although the more catalytically active species (1a •– or 1b •– ) could not be determined, photocatalysis was observed only in CH3CN and DMF.
The corrosion rate of electropolished 304 stainless steel surfaces (UNS S30400) is found to be lower by more than a factor of three relative to that determined previously for machined surfaces in ...mildly alkaline, hydrogenated water at 260
°C. This favorable result is attributed to significant changes in nanocrystallinity of the corrosion oxide layer caused by the removal of surface microstrain, which had been imparted during the machining process. In the absence of microstrain, a low-porosity, protective, corrosion layer forms that is composed of extremely small and uniformly-sized spinel oxide crystals. Application of scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in conjunction with ion milling and target factor analyses, found the corrosion layer to consist of micrometer-size crystals of a ferrite-based spinel oxide (non-protective) over-laying nanometer-size crystals of a chromite-based spinel oxide (protective). Composition of both phases is unchanged from that previously observed on corroded, machined surfaces and is representative of solvus phases in the immiscible Fe(Fe
1−
n
Cr
n
)
2O
4 spinel binary. The smaller size (10 vs. 26
nm) and greater surface density (∼10,000 vs. 835
μm
−2) of the chromite-based crystals relative to those formed on machined (i.e., cold-worked) surfaces, however, is consistent with the absence of preferred high energy nucleation sites on strain-free surfaces. Therefore, electropolishing, which removes surface microstrain induced by cold-working, represents a preferred reference surface condition.
The Putin-Medvedev transition reveals the continuing inability of post-Soviet Russian leaders to arrive at any consensual notion of Russia's national identity around which ordinary forms of ...legitimate domination might be constructed. In searching for an answer to the problem of leadership succession during his second term as president, Vladimir Putin tried out all three of the classical types of legitimate domination that Max Weber defined—the traditional, the rational-legal, and the charismatic—without success. In the end, the 2008 elections represented a novel combination of strategies for building state legitimacy that we might term "plebiscitarian patrimonialism": the Russian leadership claims the right to rule as if the state were its personal property, as long as the results of this arbitrary rule are electorally ratified by "the people" as a true reflection of the national will.
Four distinguished experts on Soviet history and Soviet politics discuss the issues raised by Andrea Graziosi in his article “The Weight of the Past in Post-Soviet Russia,” which appeared in the ...Winter 2020–2021 issue of the JCWS. The article and the discussion forum are the first of several items that will be published in the journal over the next few years assessing a variety of legacies of the Cold War.
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