Zircons and apatites in clasts and matrix from the Martian breccia NWA 7034 are well documented, timing ancient geologic events on Mars. Furthermore, in this study, zircon trace elemental content, ...apatite volatile content, and apatite volatile isotopic compositions measured in situ could constrain the evolution of those geologic events. The U‐Pb dates of zircons in basalt, basaltic andesite, trachyandesite igneous clasts, and the matrix are similar (4.4 Ga) suggesting intense volcanism on ancient Mars. However, two metamict zircon grains found in the matrix have an upper intercept date of ~4465 Ma in crystalline, whereas amorphous areas have a lower intercept date of 1634 ± 93 Ma. The younger date is consistent with the date of apatites (1530 ± 65 Ma), suggesting a metamorphic event that completely reset the U‐Pb system in both the amorphous areas of zircon and all apatites. δD values in all apatites negatively correlate with water content in a two‐endmember mixing trend. The D (δD up to 2459‰) and 37Cl heavy core (3.8‰) of a large apatite grain suggest a D‐, 37Cl‐rich fluid during the metamorphic event ~1.6 Ga ago, consistent with the trace elements Y, Hf and Ti and P in zircons. The fluid was also therefore P‐rich. The D‐, 37Cl‐poor H2O‐rich rim (<313‰) suggests the degassing of water from the Martian Cl‐poor interior at a later time. This D‐, 37Cl‐poor Martian mantle reservoir could have derived from volcanic intrusions postdating the younger metamorphic event recorded in NWA 7034.
Differential evolution (DE) is a simple and efficient global optimization algorithm. Benefitting from its concise structure and strong search ability, DE has been widely used in various fields. ...Generally, the convergence performance of DE largely depends on its mutation operation. Meanwhile, individuals’ positions, which are selected as base vectors or making up difference vectors, are very important in mutation strategy. In this paper, we propose a differential evolution algorithm with both fitness and diversity ranking-based mutation operator (FDDE). Different from methods that use fitness as the only index to measure the quality of individuals, FDDE aims to assign suitable position for each individual in the mutation strategy by together considering both individuals’ fitness and their diversity contribution. Firstly, a new method of estimating the individual diversity by fitness values has been proposed. Then, each individual's fitness ranking and diversity contribution are considered together to calculate a newly defined individual's final ranking. Finally, the final ranking are used in the mutation strategy. The newly improved mutation operator could be integrated with any classical or advanced DE variants with little additional time or space complexity. The proposed FDDE is compared with some DE variants based on numerical experiments over the CEC (Congress on Evolutionary Computation) 2005 benchmark sets, CEC 2013 benchmark sets and CEC 2014 benchmark sets. Experimental results clearly indicate that FDDE performs better on most test functions and improves the convergence performance of its competitors of jDE, rank-jDE, advanced SHADE, rank-SHADE and L-SHADE in both low and high dimensional problems.
In this paper, an inexact Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) has been proposed for solving the two-block separable convex optimization problem subject to linear equality constraints. ...The first resulting subproblem is solved inexactly under relative error criterion, while another subproblem called regularization problem is solved inexactly by introducing an indefinite proximal term. Meanwhile, the dual variable is updated twice with relatively larger stepsizes since an indefinite proximal term is exploited. By reformulating the first-order optimality conditions of the involved subproblems as a monotone inclusion problem, the sublinear convergence rate of the proposed algorithm is established in the pointwise and ergodic sense. Numerical experiments on testing two sparse optimization problems from statistical learning and image restoration indicate that our inexact ADMM performs much better than several well-established algorithms.
Using updated National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) follow-up data, and a large nationwide representative sample of adult U.S. citizens, the aim of this study was to explore the ...relationship between dietary flavonol intake, all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks. In this prospective cohort study based on NHANES (2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2017-2018), a total of 11,679 participants aged 20 years and above were evaluated. The amount and type of food taken during a 24-h dietary recall were used to estimate dietary flavonol intake, which includes total flavonol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. Each analysis of the weighted data was dealt with in accordance with the NHANES reporting requirements' intricate stratification design. The Cox proportional risk regression model or Fine and Gray competing risks regression model were applied to evaluate all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks, respectively. The follow-up period was calculated using the time interval between the baseline and the death date or December 31, 2019 (whichever occurs first). Each data analysis was performed between October 1, 2023, and October 22, 2023. Dietary flavonol intake included total flavonol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. Up to December 31, 2019, National Death Index (NDI) mortality data were used to calculate mortality from all causes as well as cause-specific causes. A total of 11,679 individuals, which represents 44,189,487 U.S. non-hospitalized citizens, were included in the study; of these participants, 49.78% were male (n = 5816), 50.22% were female (n = 5, 863); 47.56% were Non-Hispanic White (n = 5554), 18.91% were Non-Hispanic Black (n = 2209), 16.23% were Mexican American (n = 1895), and 17.30% were other ethnicity (n = 2021); The mean SE age of the sample was 46.93 0.36 years, with a median follow-up of 7.80 years (interquartile range, 7.55-8.07 years). After adjusting covariates, Cox proportional hazards models and fine and gray competing risks regression models for specific-cause mortality demonstrated that total flavonol intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54-0.75), cancer-specific (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.70) and CVD-specific (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.96) mortality risks; isorhamnetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60-0.86), and cancer-specific (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.83) mortality risks; kaempferol intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.86), and cancer-specific (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.97) mortality risks; myricetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67-0.88), AD-specific (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.85), and CVD-specific (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.80) mortality risks; quercetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54-0.81), cancer-specific (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35-0.84), and CVD-specific (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.93) mortality risks; there was no correlation observed between dietary flavonol intake and DM-specific mortality. According to the current study, all-cause, AD, cancer, and CVD mortality risks declined with increased dietary flavonoid intake in the U.S. adults. This finding may be related to the anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative stress properties of flavonol.
In February 2023, Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.7 earthquakes struck southeastern Turkey. Generating a coseismic 3D deformation field that can directly reflect the characteristics of surface deformation is ...important for revealing the movement mode of a seismogenic fault and analyzing the focal mechanism. Optical image sub-pixel correlation (SPC) only captures deformation in the horizontal direction, and SAR image pixel offset tracking (POT) obtains range deformation that is not sensitive to north–south deformation signals. Thus, neither of them can capture the complete 3D deformation alone. Combining them may be able to allow the monitoring of 3D deformation. In this study, we used Sentinel-2 optical images to obtain the horizontal deformation (east–west and north–south) and Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data to extract the range and azimuth offsets. The least-squares method was used to fuse the optical and SAR offsets to obtain the 3D deformation field of the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence, which indicates that the two events were both left-lateral strike-slip earthquakes. The surface deformation caused by the two large earthquakes is mainly in the east–west direction. In the vertical direction, the two earthquakes caused a small-magnitude uplift and subsidence. The findings in this paper can be used as a reference for the study of coseismic 3D deformation.
The hot deformation behaviors of a Ti46Al2Cr2Nb alloy were investigated at strain rates of 0.001-0.1 s
and temperatures of 910-1060 °C. Under given deformation conditions, the activation energy of ...the TiAl alloy could be estimated as 319 kJ/mol. The experimental results were predicted by different predictive models including three constitutive models and three data-driven models. The most accurate data-driven model and constitutive model were an artificial neural network (ANN) and an Arrhenius type strain-compensated Sellars (SCS) model, respectively. In addition, the generalization capability of ANN model and SCS model was examined under different deformation conditions. Under known deformation conditions, the ANN model could accurately predict the flow stress of TiAl alloys at interpolated and extrapolated strains with a coefficient of determination (
) greater than 0.98, while the
value of the SCS model was smaller than 0.5 at extrapolated strains. However, both ANN and SCS models performed poorly under new deformation conditions. A hybrid model based on the SCS model and ANN predictions was shown to have a wider generalization capability. The present work provides a comprehensive study on how to choose a predictive model for the flow stress of TiAl alloys under different conditions.
•A new predictor describing MOFs is firstly introduced to improve fish habitat models.•The key role of MOFs in fish habitat is illustrated in an example of Pacific saury.•Fish habitat models ...incorporating MOFs can explain the abundance variations of saury.•Both oceanic isotherms and the Oyashio extension regulate habitat’s northward shift.•Recent suitable habitat changes may induce the rapid decline of saury catch.
The continuing development of appropriate environmental predictors is important to improving the performance of fish habitat models. Mesoscale oceanographic features (MOFs) such as fronts, eddies, or upwelling zones, sometimes appearing as “oases in a fluid desert” occupying >50 km ocean surface, have customarily been regarded as key factors driving fish distributions. However, previous algorithms quantifying oceanographic features have not provided greatly enhanced predictive power to the fish habitat models which are characterized by a low variable importance due to inadequate attention having been paid to its scale-specific aspects. Here, a new predictor representing MOFs is introduced and a reappraisal by common fish habitat models of the role of the MOFs in fish distribution within a case study on Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the northwestern Pacific is reported. When the new predictor with MOFs was introduced, the performances of three commonly used fish habitat models were all improved significantly (26%–30%), together with the paramount importance of MOFs among all predictive variables, suggesting that MOFs may exert significant effects on Pacific saury distribution. Using the optimal model (Random Forest) selected among the three, the habitat distribution of Pacific saury in Oyashio water was then reconstructed for the period of 1993–2020 to explore its spatio-temporal variations and its relationship with the abundance variation. The “suitable habitats” (areas of reconstructed catch > 12 tons) during major fishing seasons (August–November) estimated by the optimal habitat model for Pacific saury showed a clear northward shift of 0.045°/year for the period of 1993–2020, associated with the poleward movement of both oceanic isotherms and the Oyashio extension due to northward movement of the whole wind field in concert with global warming. The estimated annual suitable habitat area (SHA) during the early fishing seasons (June–September) showed large inter-annual variations with a peak around 2010 and a valley in 2015, and correlated significantly with the abundance index of Pacific saury, implying that the SHA can be regarded as a practical indicator of abundance. Moreover, it was also found that a marked decline in the SHA was involved in the dramatic decrease in the abundance and catch of Pacific saury after 2010, while eastward movements of SHA resulted from MOFs possibly aggravated the decrease in the catch of Japanese waters by changing its southern migration route. This study illustrates the significance of MOFs in predicting fish distribution by means of empirical habitat models and may provide new insights for understanding fish habitat variability in relation to physical-biological interactions in the ocean.
A fatigue test and numerical simulation on corroded high-strength steel wires with multiple corrosion pits were conducted. A new approach combining the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and the ...Equivalent Initial Flaw Size (EIFS) was proposed to investigate three-dimensional fatigue crack growth and life prediction. The EIFS values for the steel wires were determined under various stress ranges and corrosion pit conditions. The fatigue crack propagation path, the fatigue life, and the stress variation under different pit types and depths were investigated. The results reveal a significant linear relationship between the maximum principal stress range and the fatigue life in logarithmic coordinates for steel wires with various pit types. Additionally, the EIFS is found to be dependent on the stress range and the pit depth. All the predicted outcomes fall within a range of twice the margin of error. The accuracy of this novel method is further verified by comparing predicted results with the test data. This research contributes to a better understanding of the fatigue performance of corroded high-strength steel wires and can assist in the design and maintenance of notched components.
Display omitted
•The lowest resistivity of IZO films was 4.9 × 10−4 Ωcm.•The transmittance of IZO films increased from 77.5% to 84.3%.•The optimum FOM of IZO films with silicone coatings was ...1.47 × 10−2 Ω−1.•The durability performances were improved by depositing silicone coatings.
In this study, the effect of silicone coatings on optical properties and durability performances of amorphous ln2O3:Zn (IZO) transparent conductive films is investigated. The average transmittance in visible wavelength of the IZO films increases from 77.5% to 84.3% by preparing silicone coatings on the surface, corresponding that the Haccke’s figure of merit (FOM) increases from 6.4 × 10−3 Ω−1 to 1.47 × 10−2 Ω−1. The reason is that the silicone coatings with low refractive index is considered as an antireflective layer. Both simulation and experiments demonstrate that the average transmittance is independent on silicone coatings thickness while the silicone coatings thickness is above 1.0 μm. After exposing in a damp-heat test at 60 °C and 95% relative humidity for 28 days, the sheet resistance and microscopic images of the IZO films with silicone coatings at different thickness are nearly no variation, indicating an excellent durability performance. While the sheet resistance of the IZO films without silicone coatings increases slightly and the corrosion on the surface is observed visually. It is concluded that the water vapor is the key reason for the degradation of the IZO films by investigating the microscopic images of the IZO films after exposing in the different environments.
Recently, a Mw 7.1 earthquake struck the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan on 2021/02/13. To investigate the cause of this earthquake and its aftershocks, we applied a Vp/Vs model-consistency ...constrained double-difference (DD) seismic tomography method to the earthquake arrival time data from the dense seismic networks in Japan to image the velocity structures at the hypocenter areas. Compared to the conventional DD tomography, the new method can determine the Vp/Vs model with high resolution and precision. The reliability of the seismic tomography results is testified by checkerboard resolution test. The velocity profiles show that the oceanic crust and uppermost part of the oceanic mantle are characterized by low Vs and high Vp/Vs due to hydration reaction, while the lower oceanic mantle is associated with high Vs and low Vp/Vs anomalies that are likely caused by serpentine dehydration. The mainshock of the Mw 7.1 earthquake sequence is located at the boundary between the low velocity layer and underlying high velocity zone. The aftershocks are mainly distributed within the low velocity layer. The rupture plane inferred from the aftershock distribution and mainshock focal mechanism solution has penetrated ∼10 km into the slab and extended ∼50 km along a direction nearly parallel to the trench. These observations have suggested that the Mw 7.1 earthquake sequence occurs as a result of reactivation of a pre-existing fault likely created at the outer-rise before subduction. The association of the mainshock with the velocity anomaly edge suggests that this earthquake sequence is probably caused by dehydration of the mantle serpentines, which increases the pore pressure on the fault. Besides, the variation of rock mechanics at the hypocenter area of the mainshock also facilitates the nucleation of the whole earthquake sequence.
•Double-difference tomography of 2021/02/13 Mw7.1 earthquake near northeastern Japan.•The earthquake nucleates at the boundary between low and high velocity anomalies.•The rupture plane shows similar dimension as the outer-rise normal faults.•Mantle serpentine dehydration could increase the pore pressure at the mainshock.•The earthquake sequence is likely cause by reactivation of a pre-existing fault.
