Uses of Music in Everyday Life North, Adrian C; Hargreaves, David J; Hargreaves, Jon J
Music perception,
09/2004, Letnik:
22, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The value of music in people's everyday lives depends on the uses they make of it and the degree to which they engage with it, which are in turn dependent on the contexts in which they hear it. Very ...few studies have investigated people's experiences of music in naturalistic, everyday circumstances, and this exploratory study provides some initial normative data on who people listen with, what they listen to (and what their emotional responses to this music are), when they listen, where they listen, and why they listen. A total of 346 people who owned a mobile phone were sent one text message per day for 14 days. On receiving this message, participants were required to complete a questionnaire about any music they could hear, or had heard since their previous message. Responses indicated a high compliance rate; a high incidence of exposure to music; that the greatest number of musical episodes occurred while participants were on their own; that pop music was heard most frequently; that liking for the music varied depending on who the participant was with, where they were, and whether they had chosen to be able to hear music; that music was usually experienced during the course of some activity other than deliberate music listening; that exposure to music occurred most frequently in the evening, particularly between 10 pm and 11 pm, and on weekends; that music was heard most frequently at home, with only a small number of incidences occurring in public places; that the importance of several functions of music varied according to temporal factors, the place where the music was heard, and the person or people the participant was with. Further research should include participants from a greater range of sociodemographic backgrounds and should develop context-specific theoretical explanations of the different ways in which people use music as a resource.
In this study, we constructed a perturbed physics ensemble (PPE) for the MIROC5 coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (CGCM) to investigate the parametric uncertainty of climate ...sensitivity (CS). Previous studies of PPEs have mainly used the atmosphere-slab ocean models. A few PPE studies using a CGCM applied flux corrections, because perturbations in parameters can lead to large radiation imbalances at the top of the atmosphere and climate drifts. We developed a method to prevent climate drifts in PPE experiments using the MIROC5 CGCM without flux corrections. We simultaneously swept 10 parameters in atmosphere and surface schemes. The range of CS (estimated from our 35 ensemble members) was not wide (2.2–3.2 °C). The shortwave cloud feedback related to changes in middle-level cloud albedo dominated the variations in the total feedback. We found three performance metrics for the present climate simulations of middle-level cloud albedo, precipitation, and ENSO amplitude that systematically relate to the variations in shortwave cloud feedback in this PPE.
The role of social capital in promoting health is now widely debated within international public health. In relation to HIV, the results of previous observational and cross-sectional studies have ...been mixed. In some settings it has been suggested that high levels of social capital and community cohesion might be protective and facilitate more effective collective responses to the epidemic. In others, group membership has been a risk factor for HIV infection. There have been few attempts to strengthen social capital, particularly in developing countries, and examine its effect on vulnerability to HIV. Employing data from an intervention study, we examined associations between social capital and HIV risk among 1063 14 to 35-year-old male and female residents of 750 poor households from 8 villages in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. We assessed cognitive social capital (CSC) and structural social capital (SSC) separately, and examined associations with numerous aspects of HIV-related psycho–social attributes, risk behavior, prevalence and incidence. Among males, after adjusting for potential confounders, residing in households with greater levels of CSC was linked to lower HIV prevalence and higher levels of condom use. Among females, similar patterns of relationships with CSC were observed. However, while greater SSC was associated with protective psychosocial attributes and risk behavior, it was also associated with higher rates of HIV infection. This work underscores the complex and nuanced relationship between social capital and HIV risk in a rural African context. We suggest that not all social capital is protective or health promotive, and that getting the balance right is critical to informing HIV prevention efforts.
We describe the use of a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) method based on Bayes' Theorem and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm for estimation of model parameters in a climate model. We use the model ...of Saltzman and Maasch (1990). This is a computationally simple model, but with seven free parameters and substantial non-linearity it would be difficult to tune with commonly used data assimilation methods. When forced with solar radiation, the model can reproduce mean ocean temperature, atmospheric CO sub(2) concentration and global ice volume reasonably well over the last 500 ka. The MCMC method samples the multivariate probability density function of model parameters, which makes it a powerful tool for estimating not only parameter values but also for calculating the model's sensitivity to each parameter. A major attraction of the method is the simplicity and the ease of the implementation of the algorithm. We have used cross-validation to show that the model forecast for the next 50-100 ka is of similar accuracy to the hindcast over the last 500 ka. The model forecasts an immediate cooling of the Earth, with the next glacial maximum in around 60 ka. An anthropogenic pulse of CO sub(2) has a short-term effect but does not influence the model prediction beyond 30 ka. Beyond 100 ka into the future, the model ensemble diverges widely, indicating that there is insufficient information in the data which we have used to determine the longer term evolution of the Earth's climate.
Low‑T Mechanisms of Ammonia Synthesis on Co3Mo3N Zeinalipour-Yazdi, Constantinos D; Hargreaves, Justin S. J; Catlow, C. Richard A
Journal of physical chemistry. C,
03/2018, Letnik:
122, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Dispersion-corrected periodic DFT calculations have been applied to elucidate the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (dissociative) and an Eley–Rideal/Mars–van Krevelen (associative) mechanism for ammonia ...synthesis over Co3Mo3N surfaces, in the presence of surface defects. Comparison of the two distinct mechanisms clearly suggests that apart from the conventional dissociative mechanism, there is another mechanism that proceeds via hydrazine and diazane intermediates that are formed by Eley–Rideal type chemistry, where hydrogen reacts directly with surface activated nitrogen, in order to form ammonia at considerably milder conditions. This result clearly suggests that via surface defects ammonia synthesis activity can be enhanced at milder conditions on one of the most active catalysts for ammonia synthesis.
Co3Mo3N is one of the most active catalysts for ammonia synthesis; however, little is known about the atomistic details of N2 adsorption and activation. Here we examine whether N2 can adsorb and ...activate at nitrogen surface vacancies. We have identified the most favorable sites for surface nitrogen vacancy formation and have calculated vacancy formation free energies (and concentrations) taking into account vacancy configurational entropy and the entropy of N2 at temperature and pressure conditions relevant to ammonia synthesis (380–550 °C, 100 atm) via a semiempirical approach. We show that 3-fold hollow bound nitrogen-containing (111)-surfaces have surprisingly high concentrations (1.6 × 1016 to 3.7 × 1016 cm–2) of nitrogen vacancies in the temperature range for ammonia synthesis. It is shown that these vacancy sites can adsorb and activate N2 demonstrating the potential of a Mars–van Krevelen type mechanism on Co3Mo3N. The catalytically active surface is one where 3f-hollow-nitrogens are bound to the molybdenum framework with a hexagonal array of embedded Co8 cobalt nanoclusters. We find that the vacancy-formation energy (VFE) combined with the adsorption energy can be used as a descriptor in the screening of materials that activate doubly and triply bonded molecules that are bound end-on at surface vacancies.
Efficient identification of parameters in numerical models remains a computationally demanding problem. Here we present an iterative Importance Sampling approach and demonstrate its application to ...estimating parameters that control the heat uptake efficiency of a physical/biogeochemical ocean model coupled to a simple atmosphere. The algorithm has similarities to a previously-developed ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF) method applied to similar problems, but is more flexible and powerful in the case of nonlinear models and non-Gaussian uncertainties. The method is somewhat more computationally demanding than the EnKF but may be preferred in cases where the approximations that the EnKF relies upon are unsound. Our results suggest that the three-dimensional structure of ocean tracer fields may act as a useful constraint on ocean mixing and consequently the heat uptake of the climate system under anthropogenic forcing.
Byline: T. M. Lenton (1,2), R. Marsh (3), A. R. Price (4), D. J. Lunt (5), Y. Aksenov (3), J. D. Annan (6), T. Cooper-Chadwick (4), S. J. Cox (4), N. R. Edwards (7), S. Goswami (1), J. C. Hargreaves ...(6), P. P. Harris (8), Z. Jiao (4), V. N. Livina (1), A. J. Payne (5), I. C. Rutt (5), J. G. Shepherd (2,3), P. J. Valdes (5), G. Williams (5), M. S. Williamson (2,9), A. Yool (3) We have used the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework to undertake a systematic search for bi-stability of the ocean thermohaline circulation (THC) for different surface grids and resolutions of 3-D ocean (GOLDSTEIN) under a 3-D dynamical atmosphere model (IGCM). A total of 407,000 years were simulated over a three month period using Grid computing. We find bi-stability of the THC despite significant, quasi-periodic variability in its strength driven by variability in the dynamical atmosphere. The position and width of the hysteresis loop depends on the choice of surface grid (longitude-latitude or equal area), but is less sensitive to changes in ocean resolution. For the same ocean resolution, the region of bi-stability is broader with the IGCM than with a simple energy-moisture balance atmosphere model (EMBM). Feedbacks involving both ocean and atmospheric dynamics are found to promote THC bi-stability. THC switch-off leads to increased import of freshwater at the southern boundary of the Atlantic associated with meridional overturning circulation. This is counteracted by decreased freshwater import associated with gyre and diffusive transports. However, these are localised such that the density gradient between North and South is reduced tending to maintain the THC off state. THC switch-off can also generate net atmospheric freshwater input to the Atlantic that tends to maintain the off state. The ocean feedbacks are present in all resolutions, across most of the bi-stable region, whereas the atmosphere feedback is strongest in the longitude--latitude grid and around the transition where the THC off state is disappearing. Here the net oceanic freshwater import due to the overturning mode weakens, promoting THC switch-on, but the atmosphere counteracts this by increasing net freshwater input. This increases the extent of THC bi-stability in this version of the model. Author Affiliation: (1) School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (2) Tyndall Centre, UK, (3) National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK (4) Southampton e-Science Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK (5) School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (6) Frontier Research Centre for Global Change, Yokohama, Japan (7) Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), Earth Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK (8) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK (9) School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Article History: Registration Date: 29/03/2007 Received Date: 27/07/2006 Accepted Date: 06/03/2007 Online Date: 07/06/2007 Article note: Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0254-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The nuclear-encoded Krebs cycle enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB, -C and -D), act as tumour suppressors. Germline mutations in FH predispose individuals to ...leiomyomas and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), whereas mutations in SDH cause paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas (HPGL). In this study, we have shown that FH-deficient cells and tumours accumulate fumarate and, to a lesser extent, succinate. SDH-deficient tumours principally accumulate succinate. In situ analyses showed that these tumours also have over-expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), activation of HIF1αtargets (such as vascular endothelial growth factor) and high microvessel density. We found no evidence of increased reactive oxygen species in our cells. Our data provide in vivo evidence to support the hypothesis that increased succinate and/or fumarate causes stabilization of HIF1α a plausible mechanism, inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylases, has previously been suggested by in vitro studies. The basic mechanism of tumorigenesis in HPGL and HLRCC is likely to be pseudo-hypoxic drive, just as it is in von Hippel–Lindau syndrome.
We use an ensemble of runs from the MIROC3.2 AGCM with slab-ocean to explore the extent to which mid-Holocene simulations are relevant to predictions of future climate change. The results are ...compared with similar analyses for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and pre-industrial control climate. We suggest that the paleoclimate epochs can provide some independent validation of the models that is also relevant for future predictions. Considering the paleoclimate epochs, we find that the stronger global forcing and hence larger climate change at the LGM makes this likely to be the more powerful one for estimating the large-scale changes that are anticipated due to anthropogenic forcing. The phenomena in the mid-Holocene simulations which are most strongly correlated with future changes (i.e., the mid to high northern latitude land temperature and monsoon precipitation) do, however, coincide with areas where the LGM results are not correlated with future changes, and these are also areas where the paleodata indicate significant climate changes have occurred. Thus, these regions and phenomena for the mid-Holocene may be useful for model improvement and validation.
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