Purpose
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a valuable predictor of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. This study developed predictive models using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) ...and deep learning based on CT images to predict MVI preoperatively.
Methods
In total, 405 patients were included. A total of 7302 radiomic features and 17 radiological features were extracted by a radiomics feature extraction package and radiologists, respectively. We developed a XGBoost model based on radiomics features, radiological features and clinical variables and a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) to predict MVI status. Next, we compared the efficacy of the two models.
Results
Of the 405 patients, 220 (54.3%) were MVI positive, and 185 (45.7%) were MVI negative. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of the Radiomics-Radiological-Clinical (RRC) Model and 3D-CNN Model in the training set were 0.952 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.923–0.973) and 0.980 (95% CI 0.959–0.993), respectively (
p
= 0.14). The AUROCs of the RRC Model and 3D-CNN Model in the validation set were 0.887 (95% CI 0.797–0.947) and 0.906 (95% CI 0.821–0.960), respectively (
p
= 0.83). Based on the MVI status predicted by the RRC and 3D-CNN Models, the mean recurrence-free survival (RFS) was significantly better in the predicted MVI-negative group than that in the predicted MVI-positive group (RRC Model: 69.95 vs. 24.80 months,
p
< 0.001; 3D-CNN Model: 64.06 vs. 31.05 months,
p
= 0.027).
Conclusion
The RRC Model and 3D-CNN models showed considerable efficacy in identifying MVI preoperatively. These machine learning models may facilitate decision-making in HCC treatment but requires further validation.
A
bstract
In this paper, we show that a simple generalization of the holographic axion model can realize spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry by considering a special gauge-axion higher ...derivative term. The finite real part and imaginary part of the stress tensor imply that the dual boundary system is a viscoelastic solid. By calculating quasi-normal modes and making a comparison with predictions from the elasticity theory, we verify the existence of phonons and pseudo-phonons, where the latter is realized by introducing a weak explicit breaking of translational symmetry, in the transverse channel. Finally, we discuss how the phonon dynamics affects the charge transport.
Recently developed CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) hold great potential for various applications owing to their superior optical properties, such as tunable emissions, high ...quantum efficiency, and narrow linewidths. However, poor stability under ambient conditions and spontaneous ion exchange among QDs hinder their application, for example, as phosphors in white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). Here, a facile two‐step synthesis procedure is reported for luminescent and color‐tunable CsPbX3–zeolite‐Y composite phosphors, where perovskite QDs are encapsulated in the porous zeolite matrix. First zeolite‐Y is infused with Cs+ ions by ion exchange from an aqueous solution and then forms CsPbX3 QDs by diffusion and reaction with an organic solution of PbX2. The zeolite encapsulation reduces degradation and improves the stability of the QDs under strong illumination. A WLED is fabricated using the resulting microscale composites, with Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates (0.38, 0.37) and achieving 114% of National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) and 85% of the ITU‐R Recommendation BT.2020 (Rec.2020) coverage.
A synthesis procedure for luminescent perovskite quantum dots embedded in zeolite‐Y crystals is presented. The structural and optical properties of the resulting composites are characterized in detail. Zeolite embedding improves the stability of perovskite quantum dots to degradation. Finally, the composites are used to produce a white‐light‐emitting diode with wide color gamut.
Conspectus Glycans are complex compounds consisting of sugars linked glycosidically, existing either as pure polysaccharides or as part of glycoconjugates. They are prevalent in nature and possess ...important functions in regulating biological pathways. However, their diversity coupled with physiochemical similarities makes it challenging to isolate them in large quantities for biochemical studies, hence hampering progress in glycobiology and glycomedicine. Glycochemistry presents an alternative strategy to obtain pure glycan compounds through artificial synthetic methods. Efforts in glycochemistry have been centered on glycosylation, the key reaction in glycochemistry, especially with regards to anomeric stereoselectivity in polysaccharides and glycoconjugates. In particular, the stereoelectronic and steric properties of glycosyl donors are commonly used to direct the stereoselectivity in glycosylation reactions. Classic glycosylation strategies typically involve saturated glycosyl donors, proceeding either directly using hydrogen bonds and conformational constraints or indirectly by installing moieties covalently through neighboring group participation and intramolecular aglycon delivery. Over the past years, new glycosylation strategies, tapping on the foundations of transition metal catalysis, have emerged. To leverage the power of coordination chemistry, unsaturated glycosyl donors were introduced. Not only are the number of protection/deprotection steps reduced, the resultant unsaturated glycoside provides opportunities for downstream functionalizations, allowing quick access to a variety of sugars, including rare sugars. Alongside the glycosyl donor, an equally important but neglected aspect for targeting stereoselective glycosylation is the glycosyl acceptor. In the case of dual-directing donors, glycosyl acceptors have proved themselves capable of becoming the dominating factor for stereocontrol. Interestingly, rational manipulation or selection of glycosyl acceptors with particular nucleophilicity and pK a values can lead to different stereoselectivities, thereby proving the tunability of such acceptors to favor the formation of one anomer over the other stereoselectively. By further venturing beyond substrate controlled stereoselectivity, we are presented with the opportunity to effect stereoselective glycosylation through glycosylating reagents. Of the key reagents, stereoselective catalyst stands out as a greener and efficient alternative to direct stereoselective control with stoichiometric substrates. Recently, investigations into this approach of stereocontrol presented an intriguing range of stereoselectivities, achieved by merely varying the nature of catalysts used. Another crucial effort in glycochemistry is enhancing the efficiencies of glycosylations, by reducing the number of preparative steps before or during glycosylation. Through using transient masking groups or one-pot synthetic strategies, these streamlined approaches provide enormous convenience and practicability for oligosaccharide syntheses. This Account presents mainly our advancements beyond the conventional donor-controlled strategies over the past decade, with emphasis placed on mechanistic explanations of anomeric selectivities, thereby providing perspectives to inspire further progress toward a generalized unified strategy for preparing every type of glycan.
Music therapy for depression Aalbers, Sonja; Fusar‐Poli, Laura; Freeman, Ruth E ...
Cochrane database of systematic reviews,
11/2017, Letnik:
2017, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Background
Depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder that is characterised by persistent low mood, diminished interest, and loss of pleasure. Music therapy may be helpful in modulating moods and ...emotions. An update of the 2008 Cochrane review was needed to improve knowledge on effects of music therapy for depression.
Objectives
1. To assess effects of music therapy for depression in people of any age compared with treatment as usual (TAU) and psychological, pharmacological, and/or other therapies.
2. To compare effects of different forms of music therapy for people of any age with a diagnosis of depression.
Search methods
We searched the following databases: the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (CCMD‐CTR; from inception to 6 May 2016); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; to 17 June 2016); Thomson Reuters/Web of Science (to 21 June 2016); Ebsco/PsycInfo, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, and PubMed (to 5 July 2016); the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Guideline Clearing House, and OpenGrey (to 6 September 2016); and the Digital Access to Research Theses (DART)‐Europe E‐theses Portal, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database (to 7 September 2016). We checked reference lists of retrieved articles and relevant systematic reviews and contacted trialists and subject experts for additional information when needed. We updated this search in August 2017 and placed potentially relevant studies in the "Awaiting classification" section; we will incorporate these into the next version of this review as appropriate.
Selection criteria
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing music therapy versus treatment as usual (TAU), psychological therapies, pharmacological therapies, other therapies, or different forms of music therapy for reducing depression.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data from all included studies. We calculated standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data and odds ratio (OR) for dichotomous data with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed heterogeneity using the I2 statistic.
Main results
We included in this review nine studies involving a total of 421 participants, 411 of whom were included in the meta‐analysis examining short‐term effects of music therapy for depression. Concerning primary outcomes, we found moderate‐quality evidence of large effects favouring music therapy and TAU over TAU alone for both clinician‐rated depressive symptoms (SMD ‐0.98, 95% CI ‐1.69 to ‐0.27, 3 RCTs, 1 CCT, n = 219) and patient‐reported depressive symptoms (SMD ‐0.85, 95% CI ‐1.37 to ‐0.34, 3 RCTs, 1 CCT, n = 142). Music therapy was not associated with more or fewer adverse events than TAU. Regarding secondary outcomes, music therapy plus TAU was superior to TAU alone for anxiety and functioning. Music therapy and TAU was not more effective than TAU alone for improved quality of life (SMD 0.32, 95% CI ‐0.17 to 0.80, P = 0.20, n = 67, low‐quality evidence). We found no significant discrepancies in the numbers of participants who left the study early (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.70, P = 0.26, 5 RCTs, 1 CCT, n = 293, moderate‐quality evidence). Findings of the present meta‐analysis indicate that music therapy added to TAU provides short‐term beneficial effects for people with depression if compared to TAU alone. Additionally, we are uncertain about the effects of music therapy versus psychological therapies on clinician‐rated depression (SMD ‐0.78, 95% CI ‐2.36 to 0.81, 1 RCT, n = 11, very low‐quality evidence), patient‐reported depressive symptoms (SMD ‐1.28, 95% CI ‐3.75 to 1.02, 4 RCTs, n = 131, low‐quality evidence), quality of life (SMD ‐1.31, 95% CI ‐ 0.36 to 2.99, 1 RCT, n = 11, very low‐quality evidence), and leaving the study early (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.49, 4 RCTs, n = 157, moderate‐quality evidence). We found no eligible evidence addressing adverse events, functioning, and anxiety. We do not know whether one form of music therapy is better than another for clinician‐rated depressive symptoms (SMD ‐0.52, 95% CI ‐1.87 to 0.83, 1 RCT, n = 9, very low‐quality evidence), patient‐reported depressive symptoms (SMD ‐0.01, 95% CI ‐1.33 to 1.30, 1 RCT, n = 9, very low‐quality evidence), quality of life (SMD ‐0.24, 95% CI ‐1.57 to 1.08, 1 RCT, n = 9, very low‐quality evidence), or leaving the study early (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.46, 1 RCT, n = 10). We found no eligible evidence addressing adverse events, functioning, or anxiety.
Authors' conclusions
Findings of the present meta‐analysis indicate that music therapy provides short‐term beneficial effects for people with depression. Music therapy added to treatment as usual (TAU) seems to improve depressive symptoms compared with TAU alone. Additionally, music therapy plus TAU is not associated with more or fewer adverse events than TAU alone. Music therapy also shows efficacy in decreasing anxiety levels and improving functioning of depressed individuals.
Future trials based on adequate design and larger samples of children and adolescents are needed to consolidate our findings. Researchers should consider investigating mechanisms of music therapy for depression. It is important to clearly describe music therapy, TAU, the comparator condition, and the profession of the person who delivers the intervention, for reproducibility and comparison purposes.
Background
Music therapy is a therapeutic approach that uses musical interaction as a means of communication and expression. Within the area of serious mental disorders, the aim of the therapy is to ...help people improve their emotional and relational competencies, and address issues they may not be able to using words alone.
Objectives
To review the effects of music therapy, or music therapy added to standard care, compared with placebo therapy, standard care or no treatment for people with serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group’s Trials Study‐Based Register (December 2010 and 15 January, 2015) and supplemented this by contacting relevant study authors, handsearching of music therapy journals and manual searches of reference lists.
Selection criteria
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared music therapy with standard care, placebo therapy, or no treatment.
Data collection and analysis
Review authors independently selected, quality assessed and data extracted studies. We excluded data where more than 30% of participants in any group were lost to follow‐up. We synthesised non‐skewed continuous endpoint data from valid scales using a standardised mean difference (SMD). We employed a fixed‐effect model for all analyses. If statistical heterogeneity was found, we examined treatment dosage (i.e. number of therapy sessions) and treatment approach as possible sources of heterogeneity.
Main results
Ten new studies have been added to this update; 18 studies with a total 1215 participants are now included. These examined effects of music therapy over the short, medium, and long‐term, with treatment dosage varying from seven to 240 sessions. Overall, most information is from studies at low or unclear risk of bias
A positive effect on global state was found for music therapy compared to standard care (medium term, 2 RCTs, n = 133, RR 0.38 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 0.59, low‐quality evidence, number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome NNTB 2, 95% CI 2 to 4). No binary data were available for other outcomes. Medium‐term continuous data identified good effects for music therapy on negative symptoms using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (3 RCTs, n = 177, SMD ‐ 0.55 95% CI ‐0.87 to ‐0.24, low‐quality evidence). General mental state endpoint scores on the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale were better for music therapy (2 RCTs, n = 159, SMD ‐0.97 95% CI ‐1.31 to ‐0.63, low‐quality evidence), as were average endpoint scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (1 RCT, n = 70, SMD ‐1.25 95% CI ‐1.77 to ‐0.73, moderate‐quality evidence). Medium‐term average endpoint scores using the Global Assessment of Functioning showed no effect for music therapy on general functioning (2 RCTs, n = 118, SMD ‐0.19 CI ‐0.56 to 0.18, moderate‐quality evidence). However, positive effects for music therapy were found for both social functioning (Social Disability Screening Schedule scores; 2 RCTs, n = 160, SMD ‐0.72 95% CI ‐1.04 to ‐0.40), and quality of life (General Well‐Being Schedule scores: 1 RCT, n = 72, SMD 1.82 95% CI 1.27 to 2.38, moderate‐quality evidence). There were no data available for adverse effects, service use, engagement with services, or cost.
Authors' conclusions
Moderate‐ to low‐quality evidence suggests that music therapy as an addition to standard care improves the global state, mental state (including negative and general symptoms), social functioning, and quality of life of people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia‐like disorders. However, effects were inconsistent across studies and depended on the number of music therapy sessions as well as the quality of the music therapy provided. Further research should especially address the long‐term effects of music therapy, dose‐response relationships, as well as the relevance of outcome measures in relation to music therapy.
In the pursuit of developing potent drug molecules, more efficient and straightforward procedures are in high demand. The evergrowing interest in carbohydrate-based therapeutics and vaccines ...particularly calls for such reliable and universal approaches that assemble oligosaccharides rapidly and stereoselectively. Hereby, we compiled remarkable efforts made in exploring the possibilities of protection-less glycosylation strategies. Pioneering works using organotin reagents or catalysts were introduced first, followed by the organoboron successors that were deemed less toxic and more versatile alternatives. In the meantime, more species such as copper or caesium were also included and supported by a mechanistic rationale. Lastly, we hope to bring further insights into the synthesis of intricate carbohydrate derivatives, achieved with the aid of glycosylation methods discussed herein.
This review delivers insights for dedicated chemists into the development of efficient methods in accessing carbohydrates at a lower cost.
In this paper, we investigate the gravitational lensing effects in the weak and strong field limits of a static black hole with conformally coupled scalar field. In the weak field limit, with the use ...of Gauss–Bonnet theorem we calculate the deflection angle of the light. It is found that comparing to Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordstr
o
¨
m (RN) black holes in general relativity, the weak deflection angle can be enhanced/suppressed by the scalar hair. In the strong field limit, we first compute the light deflection angle via calculating the lensing coefficients, all of which increase as the values of electric and scalar charges increase. Then we evaluate the lensing observables in strong field regime by supposing the hairy black hole as the candidate of M87* and SgrA* supermassive black holes, respectively. We find that the scalar hair has significant influences on various observables. In particular, the lensing observables of the charged black hole with positive scalar hair and RN black hole have degeneracy, which will be broken by the case with negative scalar hair. Our theoretical findings imply that it is feasible to employ the gravitational lensing effects as a probe of Einstein–Maxwell theory with negative scalar field differentiating from general relativity, once the future astrophysical observation is precise enough.
Holographic superfluid with gauge–axion coupling Liu, Yan; Wang, Xi-Jing; Wu, Jian-Pin ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
08/2023, Letnik:
83, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We have constructed a holographic superfluid with gauge–axion coupling. Depending on whether the coupling is positive or negative, the system displays metallic or insulating behavior in its normal ...state. A significant feature of the system is the appearance of a mid-IR peak in the alternating current (AC) conductivity in a certain range of parameters. This peak arises due to competition between explicit symmetry breaking (ESB) and spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), which results in the presence of a pseudo-Goldstone mode. Moreover, a dip in low-frequency AC conductivity is observed, stemming from the excitation of the SSB Goldstone mode. In the superfluid phase, the effect of gauge–axion coupling on the condensation or superfluid energy gap is only amplified in the presence of strong momentum dissipation. Notably, for the case with negative gauge–axion coupling, a hard-gap-like behavior at low frequency and a pronounced peak at intermediate frequency are observed, indicating that the evolution of the superfluid component is distinct from that of positive coupling.
In this paper, we investigate the AC charge transport in the holographic Horndeski gravity and identify a metal-semiconductor like transition that is driven by the Horndeski coupling. Moreover, we ...fit our numeric data by the Drude formula in slow relaxation cases.
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