The most common cause of acquired thyroid dysfunction is autoimmune thyroid disease, which is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with two presentation phenotypes: hyperthyroidism (Graves-Basedow ...disease) and hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Hashimoto's thyroiditis is distinguished by the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Meanwhile, autoantibodies against the TSH receptor have been found in Graves-Basedow disease. Numerous susceptibility genes, as well as epigenetic and environmental factors, contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases. This review summarizes the most common genetic, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms involved in autoimmune thyroid disease.
To achieve good metabolic control in diabetes and maintain it in the long term, a combination of changes in lifestyle and pharmacological treatment is necessary. The need for insulin depends upon the ...balance between insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Insulin is considered the most effective glucose-lowering therapy available and is required by people with type 1 diabetes mellitus to control their blood glucose levels; yet, many people with type 2 diabetes mellitus will also eventually require insulin therapy, due to the progressive nature of the disease. A variety of long-acting insulins is currently used for basal insulin therapy (such as insulin glargine, degludec, and detemir), each having sufficient pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles to afford lower intrapatient variability and an extended duration of action. The new glargine-300 formulation was developed to have a flatter and more extended time-action profile than the original glargine-100, and these characteristics may translate into more stable and sustained glycemic control over a 24 h dosing interval. The objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize the available evidence on the clinical efficacy and safety of glargine-300 versus glargine-100 from the EDITION clinical trial program, in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Aim
To evaluate the real‐world effectiveness and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/ml (Gla‐300) in achieving glycaemic goals in insulin‐naïve people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexico, Colombia and ...Peru (Latin America region) in the A Toujeo Observational Study (ATOS).
Materials and Methods
ATOS was a multicentre, prospective, 12‐month observational study, which included 4422 insulin‐naïve adults (age ≥ 18 years) with T2D uncontrolled (HbA1c > 7% and ≤11%) on at least one oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) who initiated Gla‐300 treatment as per routine practice. The primary endpoint was the percentage of participants achieving their predefined individualized HbA1c goal at month 6. Key secondary endpoints included change from baseline in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting self‐monitored blood glucose (SMBG), body weight and incidence of hypoglycaemia.
Results
In this subgroup analysis, a total of 314 participants with T2D received Gla‐300. At baseline, mean ± SD age was 56.0 ± 11.6 years, duration of diabetes was 9.7 ± 6.6 years and 65.9% of participants were on at least two OADs. The individualized HbA1c target was achieved by 25.8% of participants (95% confidence interval CI: 20.3‐31.9) at month 6 and by 35.3% (95% CI: 28.5‐42.5) at month 12. Gla‐300 treatment improved glycaemic control with meaningful reductions in mean HbA1c, FPG and fasting SMBG. The incidence of hypoglycaemia reported was low and body weight remained stable.
Conclusions
In a real‐world setting in the Latin America region, the initiation of Gla‐300 in people with T2D uncontrolled on OADs resulted in improved glycaemic control with a low incidence of hypoglycaemia and no change in body weight.
Antecedentes
En diciembre de 2019, en Wuhan (Hubei, China) se reportaron 27 personas con neumonía de etiología desconocida; en enero de 2020 se identificó como agente a un virus zoonótico de la ...familia Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV-2). A su vez, la enfermedad producida por SARS-CoV-2 se denominó COVID-19; el virus se transmite de persona a persona por gotitas respiratorias, contacto directo o fómites. La COVID-19 tiene un período de incubación de 0-24 días. Algunos individuos no desarrollan síntomas y la mayoría se recupera, sin tratamiento específico. La COVID-19 se definió como pandemia en marzo de 2020 (1- 3). Los efectos de la COVID-19 sobre el sistema endocrino aún no están bien establecidos; sin embargo, los individuos con diabetes mellitus (DM) que sufren COVID-19 tienen una mayor tasa de letalidad (entre el 10% y el 11%), lo cual establece que la DM es un factor de riesgo para desenlaces fatales entre aquellos que padecen COVID-19, algo similar a lo que se ha presentado por otras infecciones por coronavirus, como el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS) y el síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS-CoV). En un modelo en ratones transgénicos, se encontró que la célula del alvéolo pulmonar expresa el receptor de la dipeptidil peptidasa IV (DPP-IV). Por su parte, el MERS-CoV se une a dicho receptor; por lo tanto, se ha hipotetizado (a partir de dicho modelo) que la expresión del receptor de DPP-IV en la célula del alvéolo pulmonar podría estar involucrada en la asociación entre DM y un compromiso pulmonar inflamatorio más grave y prolongado en aquellos infectados por COVID-19.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease, which requires insulin treatment when other management is no longer effective. Although, insulin plays a vital role in the treatment of diabetes, ...conventional basal insulins have certain limitations, which have led to the development of more stable and peak less analogues.
To analyze the efficacy and safety of second generation vs. first generation basal insulins, and the efficacy and safety of second generation vs. second generation basal insulins, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, from the evidence provided by head-to-head randomized controlled trials.
The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed and MEDLINE, Scopus, BIOSIS, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar, and Springer Online Archives Collection, from January 1966 to October 2018. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were examined.
The efficacy among insulins evaluated was similar, however, second generation insulins cause a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to first generation insulins. A single study showed similar metabolic control with subtle differences in the risk of hypoglycemia among second generation insulins.
The second-generation basal insulins result in metabolic control similar to first generation insulins, with lower risk of hypoglycemia. Second-generation insulins have comparable efficacy, with some differences in the risk of hypoglycemia.
Vitamin B12 (B12) is necessary for the proper functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although there is no exact definition for B12 levels, a value of 200 pg/mL is compatible with ...deficiency, 200-299 pg/mL is considered borderline, and 300 pg/mL is considered normal. In population studies, the prevalence of B12 deficiency ranges between 2.9% and 35%. Furthermore, many medications, such as metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), can cause B12 deficiency. The objectives of this study were to determine the population status of B12 in southwestern Colombia (and the status of B12 in subjects with T2DM). In the total population (participants with and without T2DM), the prevalence of B12 deficiency was 17.8%; that of borderline was 19.3%; and that of normal levels was 62.9%. The prevalence of deficiency increased with age and was significantly higher in those aged ≥60 years (
= 0.000). In T2DM subjects, the prevalence of deficiency was significantly higher concerning those without T2DM (
= 0.002) and was significantly higher in those who received >1 gm/day of metformin (
= 0.001). Thus, the prevalence of deficiency and borderline levels of B12 in our population was high, particularly in those >60 years of age. B12 deficiency was significantly higher in individuals with T2DM than in individuals without T2DM, especially among those receiving high doses of metformin.
Disgenesia gonadal parcial (XY) Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando; Vargas-Sierra, Hernando David
Revista Colombiana de endocrinología, diabetes & metabolismo,
01/2022, Letnik:
8, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Introducción: los trastornos del desarrollo sexual se definen como afecciones congénitas en las que el desarrollo del sexo cromosómico gonadal o anatómico es atípico. Son anormalidades raras, ocurren ...en 1 de cada 1000 a 4500 nacidos vivos.Dentro de las causas más comunes se encuentran: la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita debido a la deficiencia de 21-hidroxilasa en un individuo XX, mosaicismos como el que involucra el 45, X/46, XY que tiene un amplio espectro fenotípico y el síndrome de insensibilidad a andrógenos en un individuo XY. Las causas más raras incluyen mutaciones genéticas (NR5A1, WT1 o MAP3K1), deficiencia de 17-beta-hidroxiesteroide deshidrogenasa y deficiencia de 5-alfa reductasa.Objetivo: el objetivo de este reporte de caso, es hacer énfasis en el riesgo de aparición de tumores malignos de células germinales en pacientes con disgenesia gonadal XY.Presentación del caso: se reporta el caso de un paciente de 24 años edad, fenotípicamente femenino, cariotipo 46 XY, ausencia de genitales femeninos internos por hallazgos tomográficos y testículos atróficos en canal inguinal (extraídos porvía laparoscópica). Se describen las características al examen físico, el enfoque clínico y el terapéutico.Discusión y conclusión: los pacientes con disgenesia gonadal XY, pueden tener un riesgo incrementado de tumores gonadales. Para poder hacer el diagnóstico de esta entidad, se debe realizar un abordaje multidisciplinario que permita su clasificación exacta.
The key role of Vitamin D is to maintain an adequate calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Vitamin D plays an antagonistic role with the parathyroid hormone. 25 OH Vitamin D is the major circulating ...form and the best indicator to monitor Vitamin D levels.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1339 individuals ≥18 years old. The main objective was to establish the nutritional status of Vitamin D and its association with PTH and ionized calcium levels. Other objectives were to compare the levels of 25 OH Vitamin D based on sun exposure habits, and to identify the minimum cut-off point for the levels of 25 OH Vitamin D that could give rise to a concomitant increase in PTH and ionized calcium levels.
14.2% of participants presented Vitamin D deficiency, and 28.8% presented insufficiency; ≥89% of the participants with deficiency or insufficiency were exposed to sunlight <30 minutes per week. A value of 25 OH Vitamin D >30 ng/mL was associated with a more stable and “flat” PTH value. The median of 25 OH Vit-D associated with hypercalcemia was <10 ng/mL.
In Colombia, low 25 OH Vitamin D values are highly prevalent; this may be accounted for by poor sun-exposure habits and frequent use of sunscreen. Just as in other similar trials, the lower the levels of 25 OH Vit-D, the higher the effect on PTH and ionized calcium elevation.
Biological sciences; Chemistry; Environmental science; Food science; Health sciences; Vitamin D; PTH; 25 OH vitamin D; Ionized calcium; Plateau.
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) refers to a spectrum of various diseases, with two extremes of clinical presentation, hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and hyperthyroidism ...(Graves-Basedow disease (GBD)). Both conditions are characterized by presenting a cellular and humoral autoimmune reaction, with an increase in the synthesis and secretion of antibodies directed toward various thyroid antigens, together with a phenomenon of thyrocyte necrosis and apoptosis (in HT) and a persistent thyrotropin-receptor stimulation (in GBD). The diagnosis of both entities is based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. Three major anti-thyroid antibodies have been described, those directed against the TSH receptor (TRAb), against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), and against thyroglobulin (TgAb). Each of these autoantibodies plays a fundamental role in the diagnostic approach of autoimmune thyroid disease. TRAbs are the hallmark of GBD, and additionally, they are predictors of response to disease treatment, among other utilities. Likewise, TPOAb and TgAb allow for identifying individuals with a higher risk of progression to hypothyroidism; the positivity of one or both autoantibodies defines the presence of thyroid autoimmunity. In this review, the usefulness of anti-thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease is described.
Contexto: el hipotiroidismo se define como un síndrome caracterizado por múltiples manifestaciones sistémicas, donde cualquiera de los componentes del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides puede estar ...comprometido; es una entidad altamente prevalente que puede afectar a diferentes poblaciones, independiente de su grupo etario y de sus condiciones biológicas; no obstante, la inespecificidad de sus síntomas y evolución clínica insidiosa generan un reto en la práctica clínica diaria para el oportuno y adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento o seguimiento de la enfermedad. Independientemente de su etiología y clasificación, actualmente el tratamiento de elección es la levotiroxina (con el objetivo de alcanzar el control bioquímico). Finalmente, el seguimiento del paciente con hipotiroidismo es fundamental para garantizar el control adecuado, el cual permitirá detectar oportunamente las posibles comorbilidades asociadas.
Objetivo: definir los criterios para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el seguimiento del hipotiroidismo en Colombia.
Metodología: se realizó un consenso tipo Delphi modificado, para ello se escogió un panel de médicos endocrinólogos colombianos, expertos en el manejo de las patologías tiroideas. Los resultados fueron analizados y discutidos a partir en consenso y se resumieron las conclusiones y las recomendaciones en los diferentes aspectos relacionados con el hipotiroidismo.
Resultados: se obtuvieron las recomendaciones para el abordaje del paciente con hipotiroidismo en Colombia, incluyendo desde la sospecha clínica, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, hasta el seguimiento del paciente con la enfermedad, además se generaron consideraciones en poblaciones especiales desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud nacional.
Conclusiones: en Colombia es importante disminuir la variabilidad en la práctica clínica diaria, así como fortalecer el conocimiento del personal médico, desde el escenario de atención primaria hasta la atención de alta complejidad, respecto al diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el seguimiento del paciente con hipotiroidismo, con el objetivo de brindar un manejo oportuno y adecuado de la enfermedad.
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