In this study, pH responsive carboxylic cellulose acetate nanoparticles (CCA NPs) have been evaluated as drug nanocarriers for controlled release of drug. Herein, carboxylic cellulose acetate (CCA) ...was initially synthesized via oxidation of cellulose using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO) as an oxidant and followed by the acetylation of carboxylic cellulose in the presence of iodine as a catalyst. CCA NPs were then obtained via the nanoprecipitation process and subsequent sonication. The obtained CCA NPs with a mean diameter of 96 nm were subsequently evaluated as drug delivery nanocarriers. Penicillin G as a model drug was loaded onto the CCA NPs via the adsorption process. Drug release profiles of Penicillin G from CCA NPs were evaluated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at different medium pH values (1.2, 7.4, and 8.6). Release kinetic models were applied to determine the release mechanism of penicillin G from loaded CCA NPs. Results showed that pH-responsive release of penicillin G from CCA NPs which was released most slowly at medium of pH 7.4.
Cellulose acetate nanoparticles (CCA NPs) with mean particles sizes of 97 nm were synthesized via the nanoprecipitation process. The antibacterial properties of these CCA NPs were evaluated against ...Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, respectively. The CCA NPs exhibited good antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (+), Staphylococcus epidermis (+), Escherichia coli (-), Bacillus cereus (+), and Salmonella typhimurium (-) in range of MIC of 2.5×102 to 5.0×102 µg.mL-1 and MBC of 5.0×102 to 1.0×103 µg.mL-1. Penicillin G (PenG)-loaded CCA NPs demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activities against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. PenG-loaded CCA NPs also exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against the Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) superbug, which is resistant to penicillin G. These promising antibacterial properties suggested that CCA NPs could potentially serve as an alternative potent antimicrobial agent for both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria as well as the superbug MRSA.
Aspirin and azo derivatives have been widely studied and have drawn considerable attention due to diverse biological activities. In this study, a series of 4-(halophenyl)diazenylphenyl aspirinate ...derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of aspirin with 4-(halophenyl)diazenylphenol via esterification, in the presence of DCC/DMAP in DCM with overall yield of 45–54%. 4-(Halophenyl)diazenylphenol was prepared prior to esterification from coupling reaction of aniline derivatives and phenol in basic solution. All compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, FTIR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. All compounds were screened for their anticancer activities against nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) HK-1 cell lines and the viability of cultured cells was determined by MTS 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxylmethoxylphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay. 4-(E)-(Fluorophenyl)diazenylphenol showed the highest anticancer activity against NPC HK-1 cell lines compared to other synthesized compounds. 4-(Halophenyl)diazenylphenyl aspirinate showed low cytotoxicity against NPC HK-1 cell lines compared to 4-(halophenyl)diazenylphenol but better anticancer activity than aspirin alone.
In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and ascorbic acid (CHCL/AA NADES) was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant properties of ...antioxidant extracts from fruit wastes of Mangifera pajang. The solubilities of Mangifera pajang's antioxidant extracts in water and CHCL/AA NADES at different water contents (0–50 wt%) were investigated. It was observed that the antioxidant extracts were most soluble in the CHCL/AA NADES with 10 wt% of water, and the concentration of antioxidant was found to be approximately 15% and 4% as compared to water and pure CHCL/AA NADES, respectively. The positive effect of water on NADES can be related to the reduced viscosity of NADES, where the viscosity decreased up to 74% upon addition of water. Aside from that, all the tested CHCL/AA NADES enhanced the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant extracts by 1.3–14.64% compared to the antioxidant extracts in water. This finding highlights the role of CHCL/AA NADES as an antioxidant capacity enhancer. Noteworthy, the antioxidant extracts solubilized in the CHCL/AA NADES system formed a nano-scale cluster structure, as depicted by the TEM image, suggesting that the CHCL/AA NADES could potentially use in nanoformulation that provides protection to the antioxidant extracts.
•CHCL/AA NADES was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant capacity.•Addition of water into CHCL/AA NADES enhances the solubility of antioxidant by 15%.•CHCL/AA NADES further increased the DPPH scavenging activity.•The antioxidants-CHCL/AA NADES formed nano-scale cluster structure.
Aspirin and azo derivatives have been widely studied and have drawn considerable attention due to diverse biological activities. In this study, a series of 4-(halophenyl)diazenylphenyl aspirinate ...derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of aspirin with 4-(halophenyl)diazenylphenol via esterification, in the presence of DCC/DMAP in DCM with overall yield of 45- 54%. 4(Halophenyl)diazenylphenol was prepared prior to esterification from coupling reaction of aniline derivatives and phenol in basic solution. All compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, FTIR, and sup.1H and sup.13C NMR spectroscopies. All compounds were screened for their anticancer activities against nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) HK-1 cell lines and the viability of cultured cells was determined by MTS 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxylmethoxylphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H- tetrazoliumbased colorimetric assay. 4-(E)-(Fluorophenyl)diazenylphenol showed the highest anticancer activity against NPC HK-1 cell lines compared to other synthesized compounds. 4-(Halophenyl)diazenylphenyl aspirinate showed low cytotoxicity against NPC HK-1 cell lines compared to 4-(halophenyl)diazenylphenol but better anticancer activity than aspirin alone.
Background
Early identification of individuals who are at risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischemic stroke may enable a closer surveillance and thus prompt initiation of oral ...anticoagulation for stroke prevention.
Objective
This study sought to investigate whether congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes, previous stroke (CHADS
2
) and CHA
2
DS
2
–vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category (CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc) scores can predict new-onset AF and/or ischemic stroke in patients presenting with arrhythmic symptoms.
Methods and results
We prospectively followed up 528 patients (68.5 ± 10.6 years, male 46.2 %) presented for assessment of arrhythmic symptoms but without any documented arrhythmia, including AF for development of new-onset AF and/or ischemic stroke. Their mean CHADS
2
and CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc scores on presentation were 1.3 ± 1.3 and 2.3 ± 1.5, respectively. After 6.1 years, 89 patients (16.8 %, 2.77 per 100 patient-years) had documented AF, and 65 patients (12.3 %, 2.0 per 100 patient-years) suffered stroke. Both the CHADS
2
(C statistic 0.63, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.67,
P
< 0.0001, optimal cutoff at 1) and CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc (C statistic 0.63, 95 % CI 0.59–0.67,
P
< 0.0001, optimal cutoff at 2) scores provided similar prediction for the new-onset AF. Similarly, CHADS
2
(C statistic 0.69, 95 % CI 0.65–0.73,
P
< 0.0001, optimal cutoff at 2) and CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc (C statistic 0.69, 95 % CI 0.65–0.73,
P
< 0.0001, optimal cutoff at 2) have compatible efficacy for stroke prediction in this Chinese population.
Conclusion
The CHADS
2
and CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc scores can be used in patients who presented with arrhythmic symptoms to identify those who are at risk with developing new-onset clinical AF and ischemic stroke for close clinical surveillance and early intervention.
Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) accounts for ~35% of all strokes in Chinese. Anti-platelet agent is often avoided after an index event due to the possibility of recurrent ICH. This single-centered ...observational study included 440 consecutive Chinese patients with a first spontaneous ICH surviving the first month performed during 1996–2010. The subjects were identified, and their clinical characteristics, anti-platelet therapy after ICH, and outcomes including recurrent ICH, ischaemic stroke, and acute coronary syndrome were checked from hospital records. Of these 440 patients, 56 patients (12.7%) were prescribed aspirin (312 patient-aspirin years). After a follow-up of 62.2 ± 1.8 months, 47 patients had recurrent ICH (10.7%, 20.6 per 1,000 patient years). Patients prescribed aspirin did not have a higher risk of recurrent ICH compared with those not prescribed aspirin (22.7 per 1,000 patient-aspirin years vs. 22.4 per 1,000 patient years, p=0.70). Multivariate analysis identified age > 60 years (hazard ratio HR: 2.0, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.07–3.85, p=0.03) and hypertension (HR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.06–3.75, p=0.03) as independent predictors for recurrent ICH. In a subgroup analysis including 127 patients with standard indications for aspirin of whom 56 were prescribed aspirin, the incidence of combined vascular events including recurrent ICH, ischaemic stroke, and acute coronary syndrome was statistically lower in patients prescribed aspirin than those not prescribed aspirin (52.4 per 1,000 patient-aspirin years, vs. 112.8 per 1,000 patient-years, p=0.04). In conclusion, we observed in a cohort of Chinese post-ICH patients that aspirin use was not associated with an increased risk for a recurrent ICH.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gained the attention in the construction industry. BIM represents the development and use of computer-generated n-dimensional models to simulate the planning, ...design, construction and operation of a facility. It helps construction professionals to visualize what is to be built in simulated environment using 3D modeling. In this paper, the level of understanding of BIM among clients, users, architects, consultant engineers like civil & structural, mechanical & electrical engineers, and contractors in Penang will be identified. Another objective is to identify main factors of organisational change towards enhancing the implementation of BIM in Malaysia. First presented is the definition and concept of BIM with its advantages and implementation in construction. Then the role of civil and structural engineers in the construction industry will be further elaborate and research will be discussed based on the results collected by using qualitative method using interview. It is analyse from 4 respondents in the construction industry who knows about BIM. At the end, the result will be discussed and further explained.
Early identification of individuals who are at risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischemic stroke may enable a closer surveillance and thus prompt initiation of oral anticoagulation for ...stroke prevention. This study sought to investigate whether congestive heart failure, hypertension, ageâeuroper thousandâper thousand¥âeuroper thousand75 years, diabetes, previous stroke (CHADS^sub 2^) and CHA^sub 2^DS^sub 2^âeuro"vascular disease, age 65âeuro"74 years, sex category (CHA^sub 2^DS^sub 2^âeuro"VASc) scores can predict new-onset AF and/or ischemic stroke in patients presenting with arrhythmic symptoms. We prospectively followed up 528 patients (68.5âeuroper thousand±âeuroper thousand10.6 years, male 46.2 %) presented for assessment of arrhythmic symptoms but without any documented arrhythmia, including AF for development of new-onset AF and/or ischemic stroke. Their mean CHADS^sub 2^ and CHA^sub 2^DS^sub 2^âeuro"VASc scores on presentation were 1.3âeuroper thousand±âeuroper thousand1.3 and 2.3âeuroper thousand±âeuroper thousand1.5, respectively. After 6.1 years, 89 patients (16.8 %, 2.77 per 100 patient-years) had documented AF, and 65 patients (12.3 %, 2.0 per 100 patient-years) suffered stroke. Both the CHADS^sub 2^ (C statistic 0.63, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.58âeuro"0.67, Pâeuroper thousand<âeuroper thousand0.0001, optimal cutoff at 1) and CHA^sub 2^DS^sub 2^âeuro"VASc (C statistic 0.63, 95 % CI 0.59âeuro"0.67, Pâeuroper thousand<âeuroper thousand0.0001, optimal cutoff at 2) scores provided similar prediction for the new-onset AF. Similarly, CHADS^sub 2^ (C statistic 0.69, 95 % CI 0.65âeuro"0.73, Pâeuroper thousand<âeuroper thousand0.0001, optimal cutoff at 2) and CHA^sub 2^DS^sub 2^âeuro"VASc (C statistic 0.69, 95 % CI 0.65âeuro"0.73, Pâeuroper thousand<âeuroper thousand0.0001, optimal cutoff at 2) have compatible efficacy for stroke prediction in this Chinese population. The CHADS^sub 2^ and CHA^sub 2^DS^sub 2^âeuro"VASc scores can be used in patients who presented with arrhythmic symptoms to identify those who are at risk with developing new-onset clinical AF and ischemic stroke for close clinical surveillance and early intervention.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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