The article takes the renewed demands of the Polish government as an opportunity to examine the question of whether Germany is obliged to pay reparations to Poland. Based on an analysis of the ...international agreements concluded since 1945,it can be shown that the Polish government’s demands on Germany are unfounded.
The frst sixty years of humankind’s travel into outer space were characterized more through military and scientifc goals, rather than those of a commercial character. Changes on this front have taken ...place within the past decade: mankind seems to find a genuine interest in large-scale commercial exploitation of the moon and the other celestial bodies. Of course, the question of the legality of such actions is immediately at stake. Clarifcation is required. A UN-negotiated legal regime is needed for the commercial use of celestial bodies - a task that has been made an oficial topic on the international agenda since the adoption of the Moon Agreement in 1979.
Nachdem die ersten sechs Dekaden menschlicher Weltraumfahrt neben militärischen Anwendungen weitgehend der Erforschung des Weltraums gedient haben, zeichnen sich nunmehr neue kommerzielle ...Nutzungsformen ab. Wünschenswert ist deshalb, dass die internationale Gemeinschaft ein Regime für die kommerzielle Nutzung des Weltraums erarbeitet.
The first sixty years of humankind’s travel into outer space were characterized more through military and scientific goals, rather than those of a commercial character. Changes on this front have taken place within the past decade: mankind seems to find a genuine interest in large-scale commercial exploitation of the moon and the other celestial bodies. Of course, the question of the legality of such actions is immediately at stake. Clarification is required. A UN-negotiated legal regime is needed for the commercial use of celestial bodies – a task that has been made an official topic on the international agenda since the adoption of the Moon Agreement in 1979.
The major light-harvesting complex (LHCIIb) of photosystem II can be reconstituted in vitro from its recombinant apoprotein in the presence of a mixture of carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b . By ...varying the chlorophyll a/b ratio in the reconstitution mixture, the relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b bound to LHCIIb can be changed. We have analyzed the chlorophyll stoichiometry in recombinant wild type and mutant LHCIIb
reconstituted at different chlorophyll a/b ratios in order to assess relative affinities of the chlorophyll-binding sites. This approach reveals five sites that exclusively
bind chlorophyll b. Another site exhibits a slight preference of chlorophyll b over chlorophyll a . The remaining six sites are filled preferentially with chlorophyll a but also tolerate chlorophyll b when this is offered at a large excess. Three of these chlorophyll a -affine sites could be assigned to distinct positions defined by the three-dimensional LHCIIb structure. Exclusive chlorophyll
b sites complemented by chlorophyll a sites that are selective only to a certain extent are consistent with the observation that chlorophyll b but not chlorophyll a is essential for reconstituting stable LHCIIb. These data offer an explanation why a rather constant chlorophyll a/b ratio is observed in native LHCIIb despite the apparent promiscuity of some binding sites.
In higher plants, the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin (Vx) to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin is required for the pH-dependent dissipation of excess light energy as heat and by that process plays an ...important role in the protection against photo-oxidative damage. The de-epoxidation reaction was investigated in an in vitro system using reconstituted light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and a thylakoid raw extract enriched in the enzyme Vx de-epoxidase. Reconstitution of LHCII with varying carotenoids was performed to replace lutein and/or neoxanthin, which are bound to the native complex, by Vx. Recombinant LHCII containing either 2 lutein and 1 Vx or 1.6 Vx and 1.1 neoxanthin or 2.8 Vx per monomer were studied. Vx de-epoxidation was inducible for all complexes after the addition of Vx de-epoxidase but to different extents and with different kinetics in each complex. Analysis of the kinetics indicated that the three possible Vx binding sites have at least two, and perhaps three, specific rate constants for de-epoxidation. In particular, Vx bound to one of the two lutein binding sites of the native complex, most likely L1, was not at all or only at a slow rate convertible to Zx. In reisolated LHCII, newly formed Zx almost stoichiometrically replaced the transformed Vx, indicating that LHCII and Vx de-epoxidase stayed in close contact during the de-epoxidation reactions and that no release of carotenoids occurred.
“Space tourism” denotes any commercial activity that offers customers direct or indirect experience with space travel. Various models for space tourism activities exist including the use of an ...aircraft and/or spacecraft. The paper surveys some of the most important legal aspects relevant to space tourism activities, such as, the delimitation of airspace and outer space, the applicable legal regime and the definition of aircraft and space object, authorization, registration, liability, as well as the legal status of space tourists.
This volume contains seven lectures held at the University of Cologne in the winter semester of 2021/22 and the summer semester of 2022 as part of a lecture series organised by the Research Unit "Law ...and Ethics of Digital Transformation" under the general heading "The Power of Algorithms". The lectures deal with both basic questions and current issues of the digital transformation. The authors have been working on forward-looking topics for many years. With contributions by Nina Eckertz | Prof. Dr. Øyvind Eide | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Stephan Hobe, LL.M. (McGill) | Dr. Amina Hoppe | Prof. Dr. Christian Katzenmeier | Prof. Dr. Torsten Körber, LL.M. | Prof. Dr. Axel Ockenfels | AkadR a.Z. Dr. Martin Schwamborn | Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Martin Paul Waßmer
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