To develop an augmentative biological control programme for
Bemisia tabaci
(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and
Thrips palmi
Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) using
Nesidiocoris tenuis
(Reuter) ...(Hemiptera: Miridae), we studied the life history traits of a Japanese strain of
N. tenuis
reared on
B. tabaci
and
T. palmi
in controlled environments. The lower developmental threshold during the nymphal period was far higher than those estimated for Spanish, Moroccan, and Iranian strains, indicating that the Japanese strain is better adapted to higher temperatures than the other three strains tested. The intrinsic rate of increase
r
m
was highest at 30 °C and lowest at 20 °C. The
r
m
value for individuals reared on
T. palmi
at 25 °C was lower than that for individuals reared on
B. tabaci
at the same temperature. Implications of these results for the biological control of
B. tabaci
and
T. palmi
in greenhouses are discussed.
We observed 7 new transits of the “hot Jupiter” WASP-5b using a 61 cm telescope located in New Zealand, in order to search for transit timing variations (TTVs), which can be induced by additional ...bodies existing in the system. Combining them with other available photometric and radial velocity (RV) data, we find that its transit timings do not match a linear ephemeris; the best-fit
$\chi^2$
value is 32.2 with 9 degrees of freedom, which corresponds to a confidence level of 99.982% or 3.7
$\sigma$
. This result indicates that excess variations of transit timings have been observed, either due to unknown systematic effects, or possibly due to real TTVs. The TTV amplitude is as large as 50 s, and if this is real it cannot be explained by some effect other than an additional body, or bodies. From RV data, we put an upper limit on the RV amplitude caused by a possible secondary body (planet) as 21 m s
$^{-1}$
, which corresponds to its mass of 22–70
$\ M_{\oplus}$
over the orbital period ratio of the two planets from 0.2 to 5.0. From the TTV data, using numerical simulations, we narrowed the limits down to 2
$\ M_{\oplus}$
near 1:2 and 2:1 mean-motion resonances (MMRs) with WASP-5b at the 3
$\sigma$
level, assuming that the two planets are co-planer. We also put an upper limit of 43
$\ M_{\oplus}$
(3
$\sigma$
) on excess of Trojan mass using both RV and photometric data. We also find that if the orbit of the possible secondary planet is a circle or an ellipse of small eccentricity, it would be likely an orbit near that of low-order MMRs.
This study investigated ammonia reduction by natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on leftover food-rice hulls composting in seven enclosures containing composting fermenters. Amounts of 1.6%, 3.1%, ...13.7%, 21.8%, 31.5% and 47.2% of clinoptilolite were added to six portions of the feedstock mixture on a dry mass basis, respectively, and 0% of clinoptilolite as a control. The ammonia emission pattern in the thermophilic stage of composting with the presence of clinoptilolite was investigated dependently of the process temperature. The addition of 31.5∼47.2% clinoptilolite to leftover food composting was the optimum dose for the reduction of ammonia emission in leftover food composting. It was demonstrated that clinoptilolite acted as an adsorbent in the composting of leftover food in granular form.
We have observed 7 new transits of the `hot Jupiter' WASP-5b using a 61 cm telescope located in New Zealand, in order to search for transit timing variations (TTVs) which can be induced by additional ...bodies existing in the system. When combined with other available photometric and radial velocity (RV) data, we find that its transit timings do not match a linear ephemeris; the best fit \chi^2 values is 32.2 with 9 degrees of freedom which corresponds to a confidence level of 99.982 % or 3.7 \sigma. This result indicates that excess variations of transit timings has been observed, due either to unknown systematic effects or possibly to real TTVs. The TTV amplitude is as large as 50 s, and if this is real, it cannot be explained by other effects than that due to an additional body or bodies. From the RV data, we put an upper limit on the RV amplitude caused by the possible secondary body (planet) as 21 m s^{-1}, which corresponds to its mass of 22-70 M_{Earth} over the orbital period ratio of the two planets from 0.2 to 5.0. From the TTVs data, using the numerical simulations, we place more stringent limits down to 2 M_{Earth} near 1:2 and 2:1 mean motion resonances (MMRs) with WASP-5b at the 3 \sigma level, assuming that the two planets are co-planer. We also put an upper limit on excess of Trojan mass as 43 M_{Earth} (3 \sigma) using both RV and photometric data. We also find that if the possible secondary planet has non- or a small eccentricity, its orbit would likely be near low-order MMRs. Further follow-up photometric and spectroscopic observations will be required to confirm the reality of the TTV signal, and results such as these will provide important information for the migration mechanisms of planetary systems.
This study evaluated the effect of the structural color phenomenon in resin composites (RCs) on the color adjustment of restorations by investgating their color reproduction performance in human ...incisors of various shade. Cervical cavities were filled with a single-shade RC with 260 nm spherical fillers (Omnichroma (OMN)), conventional A2-shade RCs (Estelite Σ Quick or Clearfil AP-X), or experimental RCs with 5–50 nm fumed silica fillers (R1) and 100 nm spherical fillers (R2). Color parameters (L*C*h*) were measured using a CIE XYZ camera along the centerline of the restorations, and the color difference (∆E00) between corresponding areas of intact and restored teeth was calculated. Additionally, the reflectance spectra of OMN, R1, and R2 were investigated. OMN exhibited significantly lower ∆E00 than other tested RCs (p<0.05) and its reflection spectrum ranged from blue to red, while a blue peak was observed with R1 and R2, indicating a higher color adjustment potential of OMN.
The color-matching ability of single-shade composites Omnichroma (OMN) and Omnichroma Flow (OCF) is ensured by structural color, which arises from monodisperse 260 nm spherical fillers. This study ...evaluated how filler load influences the color adjustment potential of composite restorations to human teeth of various shades. The performance of composites containing the 260 nm spherical fillers —OMN (79 wt%), OCF (71 wt%), and experimental composites R1 (65 wt%), and R2 (60 wt%)— was compared to two conventional A2-shade composites and a transparent composite. Additionally, the translucency parameter, spectral reflectance, and light transmission properties were assessed. Composites with a lower load of the 260 nm spherical fillers exhibited lower light diffusion and lower reflectance in the yellow-to-red range (580–650 nm), which is characteristic for the structural color of OMN and OCF. The best color adjustment was achieved with OCF, presumably due to its high translucency and uniform spectral reflectance.
The recently introduced resin composites with a universal shade are claimed to match any tooth color. In this study, it was examined how composite thickness affects the color adjustment of ...conventional and universal-shade composites to background dentin. Thirty sound human central incisors of various shade were used, and color differences between their intact labial surfaces, exposed dentin surfaces and composite restorations (thickness 1–3 mm) were evaluated. In addition, the translucency, light transmission characteristics, and spectral reflectance of the composites were measured. The results showed that universal-shade composites outperformed conventional composites of A2 shade in the adjustment of hue and chroma (p<0.05) but not in lightness (p>0.05). The color adjustment potential of all composites significantly decreased as their thickness increased (p<0.05). The effect of thickness on Omnichroma and Omnichroma Flow was less marked, presumably because of their higher translucency (p<0.05) and structural coloration which induces light reflectance in the yellow-to-red range.
Summary
In the present study, we proposed a simple collision algorithm, which can be handled arbitrarily shaped objects, for flow solvers using the immersed boundary method (IBM) based on the level ...set and ghost cell methods. The proposed algorithm can handle the collision of the arbitrarily shaped object with little additional computational costs for the collision calculation because collision detection and calculation are performed using the level set function and image point, which are incorporated into the original IBM solver. The proposed algorithm was implemented on the solid‐liquid IBM flow solver and validated by simulations of the flow over an isolated cylinder and sphere. Also, grid and time step size sensitivity on the total energy conservation of objects were investigated in cylinder‐cylinder, cylinder‐red‐blood‐cells‐shaped (RBC‐shaped) objects, sphere‐sphere, and sphere‐flat plate interaction problems. Through validation, good agreement with previous studies, grid and time step size convergence, and sufficient total energy conservation were confirmed. As a demonstration, the drafting, kissing, and tumbling processes were computed, and it was confirmed that the present result by the proposed method is similar to the previous computations. In addition, particle‐laden flow in a channel including obstacles with collision and adhesion phenomena and the interaction of cylinders and wavy‐wall were computed. The results of these simulations reveal the capability of solving a flow containing arbitrarily shaped moving objects with collision phenomena by a simple proposed method.
We proposed a simple collision algorithm, which can be handled, for flow solvers using the immersed boundary method (IBM) based on the level set and ghost cell methods. The collision algorithm that proposed in the present study is a simple and efficient. It requires only little additional costs for the computation of collision phenomena because the collision detection and calculation are performed using the level set function and image point, which are incorporated into the original IBM flow solver.
Objectives
This study aimed to objectively evaluate the water‐jet‐functioned electrosurgical knife injection performances in a desktop experiment.
Methods
Five types of water‐jet‐functioned ...electrosurgical knives, including two injection styles of sheath‐type (A: DualKnife J, KD‐655L; B: FlushKnife, DK2620‐J‐B20S; C: Splash M‐Knife, DN‐D2718B; D: ISSEN, SN1650‐20) and tip‐type (E: ORISE ProKnife, M00519361) were evaluated. These knives were compared with an injection needle (Control: SuperGrip 25G) as a control. The injection speed under constant pressure and the injection efficiency for each knife against prepared porcine stomach mucosa were evaluated. The additional clear gel injections using an injection needle were observed using an indigo blue‐colored gel to evaluate the difference between the locations of water‐jet holes.
Results
Four types of knives, except for A, showed significantly higher water‐jet speeds (A: 0.79 ± 0.03 g/20 s, B: 2.56 ± 0.05 g/20 s, C: 3.09 ± 0.06 g/20 s, D: 2.86 ± 0.05 g/20 s, and E: 1.79 ± 0.03 g/20 s) compared to that of the control (1.21 ± 0.03 g/20 s). Meanwhile, significantly higher efficacy of injection was found in the tip‐type water‐jet function knife, second to the injection needle (Control: 37.2% ± 35.5%, A: 20.9% ± 20.2%, B: 1.1% ± 2.2%, C: 6.2% ± 12.6%, D: 12.5% ± 15.6%, and E: 33.3% ± 32.2%). An additional injection experiment revealed that the injection with a piercing tip into the gel could achieve sufficient additional injection inside the stacked clear gel.
Conclusions
The tip‐type water‐jet function electrosurgical knife is preferable for effective submucosal injection during endoscopic treatments.
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