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•Electrochemical detection of amoxicillin (AMX)•Types of chemically modified electrodes for AMX detection.•Indirect electrochemical methods for AMX analysis.•Analysis of Amoxicilin in ...several real samples.
Amoxicillin (AMX) is among the most successful antibiotics used for human therapy. It is used extensively to prevent or treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. However, the widespread distribution and excess utilization of AMX can be an environmental and health risk due to the hazardous potential associated to its pharmaceutical industries effluents. Besides, their extensive use in food animal production may result in some undesirable residues in food, e.g. meat, eggs and milk. Consequently, at high enough concentrations in biological fluids, AMX may be responsible of various diseases such as nausea, vomiting, rashes, and antibiotic-associated colitis. For this reason, the detection and quantification of amoxicillin in pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, environmental samples and foodstuffs require new electroanalytical techniques with sensitive and rapid measurement abilities. This review discusses recent advances in the development of electrochemical sensors and bio-sensors for AMX analysis in complex matrices such as pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, environmental water and foodstuffs. The main electrochemical sensors used are based on chemically modified electrodes involving carbon materials and nanomaterials, nanoparticles, polymers and biological recognition molecules.
The development of nanoparticle research has grown considerably in recent years. One of the reasons for the considerable current interest in nanoparticles is because such materials frequently display ...unusual physical (structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical) and chemical (catalytic) properties. The development of nanomaterials is of interest to the scientific community and industrial companies. Different methods (physical, chemical, and biological) allow their manufacture. In particular, a major effort has been devoted to the development and improvement of synthesis methods in order to obtain nano-objects of controlled size and shape, a necessary pre-requisite to their organization, and to the study of their intrinsic and collective properties.
Reviews play an important role in keeping interested parties up to date on the current state of the research in any academic field. This review aims to focus on the development of nanoparticles and stabilization with adsorbed/covalently attached ligands in solution phase since these factors are deeply related to the origins of the particles’ stability, the media to which they are exposed, and the involved applications. This study also examines the factors that influence the synthesis of nanoparticles. It aims to provide an overview of existing electrochemical sensors, particularly those that operate with nanomaterial-based electrode modifications for p-nitroaniline (PNA) determination and to propose guidelines for related research and development activities. Emphasis was placed on the procedure for the analysis of PNA in water samples using nanosilver-based electrodes.
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•Controlling the synthesis and assembly of nanostructure are discussed.•Metal−Support interactions on different types of metal species are stated.•PNA is a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment up to 100 mg L−1.•Procedures for PNA analysis in water using nanosilver-based electrodes are discussed.
In this work, the authors present an activated carbon modified carbon paste electrode that has superior electrocatalytic activity for the electro-oxidation of dopamine (DA), paracetamol (PCT) and ...salicylic acid (SA). This excellent electrochemical performance was referred to the porous structure of activated carbon, surface functional groups existing in activated carbon surface and the electron donor–acceptor complex mechanism assumes that the aromatic rings of the drugs act as the electron acceptors. However, the reaction mechanisms of the corresponding electrode were studied in detail in this article. Additionally, under the optimized experimental conditions, DA, SA and PCT exhibit a linear response over the range of 0.1–1000.0 μmol L−1, with the low detection limits of 0.0313 μmol L−1, 0.0282 μmol L−1 and 0.0487 μmol L−1 for DA, PCT and SA, respectively. Furthermore, the AC-CPE showed a high sensitivity, good reproducibility and high stability. The proposed method was applied successfully for the detection of DA, PCT and SA in human blood and pharmaceutical formulations with satisfactory recovery.
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•A sensitive electrochemical sensor of DA, PCT and SA was successfully developed.•AC/CPE shows good electrocatalytic performance for simultaneous detecting drugs.•Proposed sensor exhibited good reproducibility, stability and low detection limit.•Developed method was satisfactorily applied to analyze the drugs in real samples.
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•A new “metal-antibiotic” complexes were synthesized and characterized.•The Job’s method of continuous variation was used.•The binding constants (K) of the complexes AMX − M (M = Cu, ...Fe and Zn) were calculated.•AMX − M complexes antibacterial activity was evaluated against E. coli.
Some bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics that were once commonly used to treat them. Moreover, this resistance has become more and more massive and worrying. During this work, we succeeded in synthesizing “metal-antibiotic” complexes, combining as a ligand for the metals of Cu (II), Zn (II) and Fe (III). These complexes AMX − M (M = Cu, Fe and Zn) were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. Job’s method of continuous variation suggested 1:1 metals to ligand stoichiometry for all amoxicillin complexes. The binding constant/association constant (K) of the AMX with Zn(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were found to be 4.46 × 104, 7.17 × 102 and 7.65 × 102 L mol−1, respectively. The IR spectra shows that the ligands coordinated to the metal ions through amino, imino, carboxylate, β-lactamic and carbonyl groups. The electrochemical results proved that amoxicillin oxidation process can be delayed by transition metal complexation. After, the complex synthesis, the antibacterial activity of ligand and its metal complexes were evaluated against Escherichia. coli bacteria by antibiogram method. The results show that the metal-amoxicillin complexes have better antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) than the free ligand (amoxicillin) due to the AMX protection against oxidation after complexation.
Electrochemical modification of carbon-paste electrode (CPEs) by silver particles and its applicability for electroanalytical determination of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) were reported in this study. ...Electrochemical surface modification was performed by cyclic voltammetry within the range from 600 to − 400 mV in solution containing 0.5 mmol L
−1
AgNO
3
dissolved in 0.1 mol L
−1
of KNO
3
at the scan rate of 10 mV s
−1
by applying 1.5 cycles (six segments). Silver particles deposited onto surface of carbon-paste electrode (Ag-CPE) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The proposed catalyst exhibits remarkably an electro-catalytic performance toward 4-nitroaniline reduction. The catalytic peak current obtained by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was linearly dependent on the 4-NA concentration over the range of 8.0 × 10
−8
to 1.0 × 10
−4
mol L
−1
with a detection limit of 4.18 × 10
−8
mol L
−1
. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for 4-nitroaniline determination in drinking water samples.
In this work, a pencil graphite electrode modified with ionic liquid and natural phosphate (PGE/IL/NPht) was manufactured for the insecticide flubendiamide (FBD) sensing in water and white rice. The ...reduction current of the FBD was linearly dependent on the concentration over the linear range of 9.0 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 (R2 = 0.997) with a limit of detection of 2.0 × 10−8 mol L−1. Possible interferences of several inorganic species such as Cu2+, Mg2+, and Na+ and pesticides such as thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and 4-nitrophenol were also carried out. The results show that their existence has no effect on the analysis of FBD and its reduction potential is not affected. Moreover, the established sensor proved to be a viable alternative to the conventional methods for FBD detection in water and white rice even without sample cleanup.
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•A sensitive and simple electrochemical method with ultraviolet irradiation was investigated.•The activation of the molecule by ultraviolet irradiation.•The detection limit was ...7.86 × 10-7 mol/L.•Determination of AMX in tap water and wastewater.
In this paper, we report a novel sensing strategy for amoxicillin (AMX) detection based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between excited molecule of AMX and CPE electrode. The AMX molecule was activated by ultraviolet irradiation, leading to a product with lower energy that acted as an electron donor in the CPE system. It has been found that the electrochemical response was improved by the exposition of homogeneous solution to UV photoirradiation. The influence of several parameters such as temperature and exposure time to UV irradiation was studied using voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy. Electrochemical method for AMX detection showed linearly enhanced current by increasing the AMX concentration from 1.0 × 10-6 mol/L to 4.0 × 10-5 mol/L and 6.0 × 10-5 mol/L to 2.0 × 10-4 mol/L with a detection limit of 7.86 × 10-7 mol/L (S/N = 3) under optimized conditions. The method investigated based on a low-cost and high sensitivity has been successfully applied in the determination of AMX in tap water and wastewater samples.
•Chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles was prepared and caracterized.•Electroreduction of thiamethoxam was studied at CHI-AgNPs/CPE electrode.•Thiamethoxam determination was performed at ...CHI-AgNPs/CPE electrode.•Thiamethoxam can be detected with wide linear range and a low detection limit.•The interferences and analytical applications were successfully realized.
An electrochemical sensing platform made of chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles was synthesized as a modifier of carbon paste electrode for the determination of thiamethoxam. The obtained electrode denoted CHI-AgNPs/CPE exhibited the best electron transport characteristics for thiamethoxam electroreduction with respect to other electrodes studied including CHI/CPE and CPE. The electroanalytical performances were assessed by square wave voltammetry. The calculated limit of detection and quantification were 9.32 × 10−7 mol L − 1 and 3.10 × 10−6 mol L − 1, respectively, with a wide linear range of 4.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−3 Mol L − 1. Therefore, the proposed electroanalytical procedure was successfully used to determine thiamethoxam insecticide in Zea mays and Phaseolus Vulgaris L. plants, yielding satisfactory results.
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