ABSTRACT We fit the upper main sequence of the Praesepe and Hyades open clusters using stellar models with and without rotation. When neglecting rotation, we find that no single isochrone can fit the ...entire upper main sequence at the clusters' spectroscopic metallicity: more massive stars appear, at high significance, to be younger than less massive stars. This discrepancy is consistent with earlier studies, but vanishes when including stellar rotation. The entire upper main sequence of both clusters is very well-fit by a distribution of 800 Myr old stars with the spectroscopically measured Fe/H = 0.12. The increase over the consensus age of ∼600-650 Myr is due both to the revised solar metallicity (from to ) and to the lengthening of main-sequence lifetimes and increase in luminosities with rapid rotation. Our results show that rotation can remove the need for large age spreads in intermediate-age clusters, and that these clusters may be significantly older than is commonly accepted. A Hyades/Praesepe age of ∼800 Myr would also require a recalibration of rotation/activity age indicators.
ABSTRACT We combine recently computed models of stellar evolution using a new treatment of rotation with a Bayesian statistical framework to constrain the ages and other properties of early-type ...stars. We find good agreement for early-type stars and clusters with known young ages, including β Pictoris, the Pleiades, and the Ursa Majoris moving group. However, we derive a substantially older age for the Hyades open cluster (750 100 Myr compared to 625 50 Myr). This older age results from both the increase in main-sequence lifetime with stellar rotation and from the fact that rotating models near the main-sequence turnoff are more luminous, overlapping with slightly more massive (and shorter-lived) nonrotating ones. Our method uses a large grid of nonrotating models to interpolate between a much sparser rotating grid, and also includes a detailed calculation of synthetic magnitudes as a function of orientation. We provide a web interface at http://www.bayesianstellarparameters.info, where the results of our analysis may be downloaded for individual early-type ( ) Hipparcos stars. The web interface accepts user-supplied parameters for a Gaussian metallicity prior and returns posterior probability distributions on mass, age, and orientation.
We report the detection of a transiting planet around π Men (HD 39091), using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The solar-type host star is unusually bright (V = 5.7) and ...was already known to host a Jovian planet on a highly eccentric, 5.7 yr orbit. The newly discovered planet has a size of 2.04 0.05 R⊕ and an orbital period of 6.27 days. Radial-velocity data from the High-Accuracy Radial-velocity Planet Searcher and Anglo-Australian Telescope/University College London Echelle Spectrograph archives also displays a 6.27 day periodicity, confirming the existence of the planet and leading to a mass determination of 4.82 0.85 M⊕. The star's proximity and brightness will facilitate further investigations, such as atmospheric spectroscopy, asteroseismology, the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, astrometry, and direct imaging.
ABSTRACT We show that the extended main-sequence turnoffs seen in intermediate-age Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) clusters, often attributed to age spreads of several 100 Myr, may be easily accounted ...for by variable stellar rotation in a coeval population. We compute synthetic photometry for grids of rotating stellar evolution models and interpolate them to produce isochrones at a variety of rotation rates and orientations. An extended main-sequence turnoff naturally appears in color-magnitude diagrams at ages just under 1 Gyr, peaks in extent between ∼1 and 1.5 Gyr, and gradually disappears by around 2 Gyr in age. We then fit our interpolated isochrones by eye to four LMC clusters with very extended main-sequence turnoffs: NGC 1783, 1806, 1846, and 1987. In each case, stellar populations with a single age and metallicity can comfortably account for the observed extent of the turnoff region. The new stellar models predict almost no correlation of turnoff color with rotational . The red part of the turnoff is populated by a combination of slow rotators and edge-on rapid rotators, while the blue part contains rapid rotators at lower inclinations.
The hundreds of multiple planetary systems discovered by the Kepler mission are typically observed to reside in close-in ( AU), low-eccentricity, low-inclination orbits. We run N-body experiments to ...study the effect that unstable outer ( AU) giant planets, whose end orbital configurations resemble those in the Radial Velocity population, have on these close-in multiple super-Earth systems. Our experiments show that the giant planets greatly reduce the multiplicity of the inner super-Earths, and the surviving population can have large eccentricities ( ) and inclinations ( ) at levels that anti-correlate with multiplicity. Consequently, this model predicts the existence of a population of dynamically hot single-transiting planets with typical eccentricities and inclinations of ∼0.1-0.5 and ∼10°-40°. We show that these results can explain the following observations: (i) the recent eccentricity measurements of Kepler super-Earths from transit durations; (ii) the tentative observation that single-transiting systems have a wider distribution of stellar obliquity angles compared to the multiple-transiting systems; (iii) the architecture of some eccentric super-Earths discovered by Radial Velocity surveys such as HD 125612c. Future observations from TESS will reveal many more dynamically hot single transiting planets, for which follow up radial velocity studies will be able to test our models and see whether they have outer giant planets.
Previous studies of the non-linear regime of the magnetorotational instability in one particular type of shearing box model -- unstratified with no net magnetic flux -- find that without explicit ...dissipation (viscosity and resistivity) the saturation amplitude decreases with increasing numerical resolution. We show that this result is strongly dependent on the vertical aspect ratio of the computational domain L sub( z)/L sub( x). When L sub( z)/L sub( x) ... 1, we recover previous results. However, when the vertical domain is extended L sub( z)/L sub( x) ... 2.5, we find the saturation level of the stress is greatly increased (giving a ratio of stress to pressure alpha ... 0.1), and moreover the results are independent of numerical resolution. Consistent with previous results, we find that saturation of the magnetorotational (MRI) in this regime is controlled by a cyclic dynamo which generates patches of strong toroidal field that switches sign on scales of Lx in the vertical direction. We speculate that when L sub( z)/L sub( x) ... 1, the dynamo is inhibited by the small size of the vertical domain, leading to the puzzling dependence of saturation amplitude on resolution. We show that previous toy models developed to explain the MRI dynamo are consistent with our results, and that the cyclic pattern of toroidal fields observed in stratified shearing box simulations (leading to the so-called butterfly diagram) may also be related. In tall boxes the saturation amplitude is insensitive to whether or not explicit dissipation is included in the calculations, at least for large magnetic Reynolds and Prandtl number. Finally, we show MRI turbulence in tall domains has a smaller critical Pmc, and an extended lifetime compared to L sub( z)/L sub( x) ... 1 boxes. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Abstract
We present an estimate of the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters (7
R
⊕
≤
R
p
≤ 2
R
J
, 0.8 ≤
P
b
≤ 10 days) around early-type M dwarfs based on stars observed by the Transiting Exoplanet ...Survey Satellite (TESS) during its primary mission. We adopt stellar parameters from the TESS Input Catalog and construct a sample of 60,819 M dwarfs with 10.5 ≤
T
mag
≤ 13.5, effective temperatures 2900 ≤
T
eff
≤ 4000 K, and stellar masses 0.45 ≤
M
*
≤ 0.65
M
⊙
. We conduct a uninformed transit search using a detection pipeline based on the box least square search and characterize the searching completeness through an injection and recovery experiment. We combine a series of vetting steps including light centroid measurement, odd/even and secondary eclipse analysis, rotation and transit period synchronization tests as well as inspecting the ground-based photometric, spectroscopic, and imaging observations. Finally, we find a total of nine planet candidates, all of which are known TESS objects of interest. We obtain an occurrence rate of 0.27% ± 0.09% for hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs that satisfy our selection criteria. Compared with previous studies, the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs is smaller than all measurements for FGK stars, although they are consistent within 1
σ
–2
σ
. There is a trend that the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters has a peak at G dwarfs and falls toward both hotter and cooler stars. Combining results from transit, radial velocity, and microlensing surveys, we find that hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs possibly show a steeper decrease in the occurrence rate per logarithmic semimajor axis bin (
dN
/
d
log
10
a
) when compared with FGK stars.
We present a visible-light full orbital phase curve of the transiting planet WASP-18b measured by the TESS mission. The phase curve includes the transit, secondary eclipse, and sinusoidal modulations ...across the orbital phase shaped by the planet's atmospheric characteristics and the star-planet gravitational interaction. We measure the beaming (Doppler boosting) and tidal ellipsoidal distortion phase modulations and show that the amplitudes of both agree with theoretical expectations. We find that the light from the planet's dayside hemisphere occulted during secondary eclipse, with a relative brightness of ppm, is dominated by thermal emission, leading to an upper limit on the geometric albedo in the TESS band of 0.048 ( ). We also detect the phase modulation due to the planet's atmosphere longitudinal brightness distribution. We find that its maximum is well aligned with the substellar point to within 2 9 ( ). We do not detect light from the planet's nightside hemisphere, with an upper limit of 43 ppm ( ), which is 13% of the dayside brightness. The low albedo, lack of atmospheric phase shift, and inefficient heat distribution from the day to night hemispheres that we deduce from our analysis are consistent with theoretical expectations and similar findings for other strongly irradiated gas giant planets. This work demonstrates the potential of TESS data for studying the full orbital phase curves of transiting systems. Finally, we complement our study by looking for transit timing variations (TTVs) in the TESS data combined with previously published transit times, although we do not find a statistically significant TTV signal.
Abstract
The future of exoplanet science is bright, as
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
(
TESS
) once again demonstrates with the discovery of its longest-period confirmed planet to date. We ...hereby present HD 21749b (TOI 186.01), a sub-Neptune in a 36 day orbit around a bright (
V
= 8.1) nearby (16 pc) K4.5 dwarf.
TESS
measures HD 21749b to be
R
⊕
, and combined archival and follow-up precision radial velocity data put the mass of the planet at
M
⊕
. HD 21749b contributes to the
TESS
Level 1 Science Requirement of providing 50 transiting planets smaller than 4
R
⊕
with measured masses. Furthermore, we report the discovery of HD 21749c (TOI 186.02), the first Earth-sized (
) planet from
TESS
. The HD 21749 system is a prime target for comparative studies of planetary composition and architecture in multi-planet systems.
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observations have revealed a compact multiplanet system around the sixth-magnitude star HR 858 (TIC 178155732, TOI 396), located 32 pc away. Three ...planets, each about twice the size of Earth, transit this slightly evolved, late F-type star, which is also a member of a visual binary. Two of the planets may be in mean motion resonance. We analyze the TESS observations, using novel methods to model and remove instrumental systematic errors, and combine these data with follow-up observations taken from a suite of ground-based telescopes to characterize the planetary system. The HR 858 planets are enticing targets for precise radial velocity observations, secondary eclipse spectroscopy, and measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect.
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