The hole-injection barrier between the anode and the hole-injection layer (HIL) is of critical importance to determine the device performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we report ...on a record-high external quantum efficiency (EQE) (24.6% in green phosphorescence) of OLEDs fabricated on both rigid and flexible substrates, with the performance enhanced by the use of nearly defect-free and high-mobility boron-doped graphene as an effective anode and hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile as a new type of HIL. This new structure outperforms the existing graphene-based OLEDs, in which MoO3, AuCl3, or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide are typically used as a doping source for the p-type graphene. The improvement of the OLED performance is attributed mainly to the appreciable increase of the hole conductivity in the nearly defect-free boron-doped monolayer graphene, along with the high work function achieved by the use of a newly developed hydrocarbon precursor containing boron in the graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition.
Objective
The detailed characteristics and prognosis of nonsurgery‐related unilateral vocal fold paralysis (NSUVFP) are currently unclear. This study evaluated the extent of laryngeal nerve lesions ...and the individual characteristics for patients with NSUVFP.
Study Design
Retrospective, case series.
Methods
Patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) were evaluated using videolaryngostroboscopy and quantitative laryngeal electromyography. The side of nerve lesions, involvement of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (eSLN), and complete vocal fold motion recovery were evaluated after ≥ 6 month follow‐up.
Results
A total of 207 UVFP patients were recruited, including 153 surgery‐related UVFP and 54 NSUVFP patients. Thirty‐four (63%) and 20 (37%) NSUVFP patients were further assigned to idiopathic and nonsurgery‐related–nonidiopathic (NSNI) groups, respectively. In the idiopathic group, eSLN lesions occurred in all six (100%) patients with right‐side paralysis, but in only six of 28 (21%) patients with left‐side paralysis (P < 0.001). The turn frequency of the paralyzed thyroarytenoid–lateral cricoarytenoid muscle complex is lower in the NSNI group (333.1 ± 192.1) compared with the idiopathic group (490.2 ± 255.1) (P = 0.02). The probability of complete vocal fold motion recovery did not differ among groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Idiopathic and NSNI UVFP have different clinical presentations defined by laryngeal electromyography. NSNI UVFP had more severe denervation changes compared with idiopathic UVFP. These results may support two pathogenic mechanisms for idiopathic UVFP: 1) neuropathy specifically involving left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and 2) neuropathy affecting nerves proximal to the RLN.
Level of Evidence
4. Laryngoscope, 127:1381–1387, 2017
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•Multi-level submodeling can deal with the significant scaling mismatch and estimate the interfacial cracking energy.•Multiple constraint technique is adopted to explore the element ...size mismatch influence on estimated adhesive properties.•Fracture-based FEA is performed via the utilization of J-integral and MVCCT approaches.•Simulated results reveal that the second-order submodeling approach is sensitive to the boundary selection of a global model rather than the mesh density.
The long-term reliability of multi-stacked coatings suffering the bending or rolling load was a severe challenge to extend the lifespan of foregoing structure. In addition, the adhesive strength of dissimilar materials was regarded as the major mechanical reliability concerns among multi-stacked films. However, the significant scale-mismatch from several nano-meter to micro-meter among the multi-stacked coatings causing the numerical accuracy and converged capability issues on fracture-based simulation approach. For those reasons, this study proposed the FEA-based multi-level submodeling and multi-point constraint (MPC) technique to conquer the foregoing scale-mismatch issue. The results indicated that the decent region of first and second-order submodeling can achieve the small error of 1.27% compared with the experimental result and significantly reduced the mesh density and computing time. Moreover, the MPC method adopted in FEA simulation also shown only 0.54% error when the boundary of selected local region was away the concerned critical region following the Saint-Venant principle. In this investigation, two FEA-based approaches were used to conquer the evidently scale mismatch issue when the adhesive strengths of micro and nano-scale multi-stacked coating were taken into account.
•The RF–AFs model was constructed to precisely extract economic forests.•The SCs and VIs effectively improved the extraction accuracy of economic forests.•TEM, EL, PRE, PSRI, EVI, and TSAVI were key ...factors in extracting economic forests.•It provides factors selection and method reference for the extraction of forests.
Forests are generally extracted from remotely sensed images based on the spectral features, ignoring other important auxiliary information, and the techniques of precise extraction need to be further improved. By using the Sentinel–2 image and auxiliary factors (AFs) including site conditions (SCs) and vegetation indices (VIs), the random forest model with AFs (RF–AFs) was adopted for the extraction of the economic forests in Lancang County, which is a mountainous area with rich biodiversity and is witnessing rapid development of economic forests in Yunnan province of China. The results obtained using the RF–AFs model were compared with those obtained using the random forest model without AFs (RF). The results were as follows: (1) The kappa coefficient for extracting the first–level land use obtained using the RF model was 0.9531. Lancang County is dominated by forests, accounting for 73.76% of the total area. (2) After parameter optimization, the RF–AFs model yielded the highest accuracy in the extraction of the second–level forests, with a kappa coefficient value of 0.9493, which was 14.69% higher than that of the RF model. Thus, the RF–AFs model is more suitable for the precise extraction of economic forests. (3) The evaluation results of the factors’ importance of the RF–AFs model showed that the cumulative importance values of SCs such as temperature (TEM), elevation (EL), precipitation (PRE) and VIs such as plant senescence reflectance index (PSRI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), transformed soil–adjusted vegetation index (TSAVI) was 76.09%, indicating that they were the main factors for the extraction of economic forests. (4) Economic forests are dominated by Simao pines in Lancang County, which are mainly distributed in the central, southwestern and northern regions, accounting for 31.37% of forests area. The proportion of tea plantations, eucalyptus, and rubber trees is 9.05%, 6.71%, and 3.05% of forests area, respectively. The RF–AFs model is conducive for precisely extracting the economic forests and is thus of great significance in studying the ecological and environmental effects of economic forests, performing forestry management, and maintaining regional ecological security.
A High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) at 20-km resolution is adopted to simulate tropical storm (TS) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) and Taiwan/East Coast of China (TWCN) at the ...present time (1979 - 2003) and future climate (2075 - 2099) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment report (AR5) representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenarios. The results show that in contrast to TS simulation activities in most of the low-resolution climate models, TS activities except intensity over the WNP and TWCN region are well simulated by HiRAM at 20-km resolution. The linkage between large-scale environments and TS genesis simulated by HiRAM are dramatically superior to those in low-resolution fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. During 2075 - 2099, both TS genesis numbers and TS frequency over the WNP and TWCN are projected to decrease consistent with the IPCC AR5 report. However, the rate of decrease (49%) is much greater than that projected in IPCC AR5. The decrease in TC genesis numbers under global warming is primarily attributed to the reduction in mid-level relative humidity and large-scale ascending motion, despite the warmer sea surface temperature (SST) providing more favorable conditions for TS formation. TS intensity and the maximum precipitation rate are projected to increase under global warming. At the end of the 21^(st) century, the mean precipitation rate within 200 km of TS storm center over the TWCN region is projected to increase by 54%.
We present perinatal imaging findings of a fetus with Pfeiffer syndrome and a heterozygous c.1019A>G, p.Tyr340Cys (Y340C) mutation in FGFR2 presenting a cloverleaf skull, craniosynostosis and short ...limbs on prenatal ultrasound mimicking thanatophoric dysplasia type II (TD2).
A 37-year-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY. However, craniofacial anomaly was found on prenatal ultrasound at 21 weeks of gestation, which showed a cloverleaf skull with severe craniosynostosis and relatively short straight long bones. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis at 22 weeks of gestation showed a cloverleaf skull, proptosis and relatively shallowing of the sylvian fissures. Prenatal ultrasound at 24 weeks of gestation showed a fetus with a cloverleaf skull with a biparietal diameter (BPD) of 6.16 cm (equivalent to 24 weeks), an abdominal circumference (AC) of 18.89 cm (equivalent to 24 weeks) and a femur length (FL) of 3.65 cm (equivalent to 21 weeks). A tentative diagnosis of TD2 was made. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a 928-g malformed fetus was delivered with severe craniosynostosis, proptosis, midface retrusion, a cloverleaf skull, broad thumbs and broad big toes. The broad thumbs were medially deviated. Whole body X-ray showed a cloverleaf skull and straight long bones. However, molecular analysis of FGFR3 on the fetus revealed no mutation in the target regions. Subsequent whole exome sequencing (WES) on the DNA extracted from umbilical cord revealed a heterozygous c.1019A>G, p.Tyr340Cys (Y340C) mutation in the FGFR2 gene.
Fetuses with a Y340C mutation in FGFR2 may present a cloverleaf skull on prenatal ultrasound, and WES is useful for a rapid differential diagnosis of Pfeiffer syndrome from TD2 under such a circumstance.
► Adhesion and peeling behaviors of SWCNTs are investigated by detailed, fully atomistic MD simulations. ► Adhesion energy of SWCNTs are discussed. ► Dynamical behaviors of SWCNTs in low temperature ...adhesion are analyzed. ► Adhesion strengths of SWCNTs obtained from MD simulations are compared with the predictions of Hamaker theory and JKR model.
Functional gecko-inspired adhesives have attracted a lot of research attention in the last decade. In this work, the lateral surface adhesion and normal peeling-off behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on gold substrates are investigated by performing detailed, fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The effects of the diameter and adhered length of CNTs on the adhesive properties were systematically examined. The simulation results indicate that adhesion energies between the SWCNTs and the Au surface varied from 220 to 320
mJ
m
−2 over the reported chirality range. The adhesion forces on the lateral surface and the tip of the nanotubes obtained from MD simulations agree very well with the predictions of Hamaker theory and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model. The analyses of covalent bonds indicate that the SWCNTs exhibited excellent flexibility and extensibility when adhering at low temperatures (∼100
K). This mechanism substantially increases adhesion time compared to that obtained at higher temperatures (300–700
K), which makes SWCNTs promising for biomimetic adhesives in ultra-low temperature surroundings.
The use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been on the rise. Most of the existing EV smart charging controls can be categorized into three approaches according to their optimization principles: ...individual, bottom-up and top-down. Until now, systematic comparison and analysis of the different approaches are still lacking. It is still unknown whether a control approach performs better than others and, if yes, why is it so. This study aims to fill in such knowledge gaps by conducting a systematic comparison of these three different control approaches and analyzing their performances in depth. A representative control algorithm will be selected from each control approach, then the selected algorithms will be applied for optimizing EV charging loads in a building community in Sweden. Their power regulation performances will be comparatively investigated. This study will help pave the way for the developments of more sophisticated control algorithms for EV smart charging.
We consider the problem of resource provisioning for real-time cyber-physical applications in an open system environment where there does not exist a global resource scheduler that has complete ...knowledge of the real-time performance requirements of each individual application that shares the resources with the other applications. Regularity-based Resource Partition (RRP) model is an effective strategy to hierarchically partition and assign various resource slices among such applications. However, previous work on RRP model only discusses uniform resource environment, where resources are implicitly assumed to be synchronized and clocked at the same frequency. The challenge is that a task utilizing multiple resources may experience unexpected delays in non-uniform environments, where resources are clocked at different frequencies. This paper extends the RRP model to non-uniform multi-resource open system environments to tackle this problem. It first introduces a novel composite resource partition abstraction and then proposes algorithms to construct and reconfigure the composite resource partitions. Specifically, the Acyclic Regular Composite Resource Partition Scheduling (ARCRP-S) algorithm constructs regular composite resource partitions and the Acyclic Regular Composite Resource Partition Dynamic Reconfiguration (ARCRP-DR) algorithm reconfigures the composite resource partitions in the run time upon requests of partition configuration changes. Our experimental results show that compared with state-of-the-art methods, ARCRP-S can prevent unexpected resource supply shortfall and improve the schedulability up to 50%. On the other hand, ARCRP-DR can guarantee the resource supply during the reconfiguration with moderate computational overhead.
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