In order to improve the detection accuracy, provide effective targets for drilling and provide reliable geological information for mine water damage prevention and control, a two-dimensional ...inversion method of transient electromagnetism in whole-space based on particle swarm is proposed for the complexity of actual mining conditions in coal mines. By establishing a Q-type geoelectric model and carrying out a two-dimensional forward simulation based on finite difference in the time domain, the magnetic field intensity values at each grid node at different times are obtained. The extracted magnetic field intensity values obtained from the forward simulation and the magnetic field intensity values from the measured data are inverted by the least squares method. The particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the resistivity and formation thickness parameters, so that the fitting error of the inversion results meets the accuracy requirements. According to the measurement point number, the magnetic field intensi
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•Green algal-bacterial granules were obtained with illuminance ≥135 µmol m−2 s−1.•≥90 µmol m−2 s−1 illumination created an aerobic/anoxic zone in the core of granule.•High light ...intensity enhanced lipid content and affected FAMEs (C15–18) composition.•Nitratation was remarkably inhibited when exposed to illuminance ≥180 µmol m−2 s−1.•Enriched AOB and algae were the major contributors to the enhanced N and P removals.
The effects of light intensity (0–225 µmol m−2 s−1) on oxygen distribution, lipid production and biological community structure of algal-bacterial granules were investigated in six identical photo-sequencing batch reactors (with a dark/light cycle of 12 h/12 h). Typically green algal-bacterial granules could be developed at a light intensity of ≥135 µmol m−2 s−1. The lipid content was significantly increased under higher light intensity, while the percentage of saturated fatty acid methyl esters was remarkably decreased. Results showed that light intensity ≥90 µmol m−2 s−1 yielded enough O2 production from algae, creating aerobic/anoxic zone (0.3–0.6 mg-O2/L) in the core of granules and thus efficient algal-bacterial symbiosis system. Enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removals were achieved in the reactors with stronger light illumination, probably attributable to the enrichment of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (Comamonadaceae and Nitrosomonadaceae) and algae (Navicula and Stigeoclonium). Illuminance ≥180 µmol m−2 s−1 was found to be unfavorable for Nitrospiraceae.
•Aerobic granule-continuous flow reactor was applied for saline wastewater treatment.•Algal-bacterial granule exhibited better overall performance and stability than AGS.•High salinity improved the ...symbiotic relationship between bacteria and algae.•Algae grew rapidly with 2 times lipid yield achieved at 4% salinity.•Salt tolerant Halomonas and Nitzschia significantly were enriched in granules.
In this study a continuous flow reactor (CFR) was employed to compare the feasibility of bacterial aerobic granular sludge (AGS-CFR) and algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS-CFR) for treating 1–4% saline wastewater. High salinity was found to enhance algae growth in ABGS-CFR, which exhibited slightly higher total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies at 1–3% salinity. ABGS-CFR maintained good granular stability at 1–4% salinity, while AGS-CFR gradually disintegrated at 4% salinity with 39.3% less accumulation of alginate-like exopolysaccharides in the extracellular polymeric substances. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) analysis suggested that bacteria and algae (Nitzschia) in ABGS-CFR formed a good symbiotic relationship under high salinity conditions, achieving rapid algae growth and 2 times lipid production. High salinity was conducive to enriching Halomonas and Nitzschia but unfavorable for Nitrosomonas and Flavobacterium. Results from this study could provide useful information on interactions between bacteria and algae in ABGS-CFR for its future practical application.
From basic research to industry process, battery energy storage systems have played a great role in the informatization, mobility, and intellectualization of modern human society. Some potential ...systems such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, and Al secondary batteries have attracted much attention to maintain social progress and sustainable development. As one of the components in batteries, electrolytes play an important role in the upgrade and breakthrough of battery technology. Since room‐temperature ionic liquids (ILs) feature high conductivity, nonflammability, nonvolatility, high thermal stability, and wide electrochemical window, they have been widely applied in various battery systems and show great potential in improving battery stability, kinetics performance, energy density, service life, and safety. Thus, it is a right time to summarize these progresses. In this review, the composition and classification of various ILs and their recent applications as electrolytes in diverse metal‐ion batteries (Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al) are outlined to enhance the battery performances.
This manuscript reviews the classification of ionic liquids, and their potential application as electrolytes in metal‐ion batteries (Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al). Their merits of nonflammable property, thermal stability, and high safety suggest that they could be a promising solution to realize high safety and high energy density for next generational battery systems.
Partial nitrification-Anammox process is an efficient and energy-saving method for nitrogen removal from low C/N wastewaters. In this study, partial nitrification was achieved in an algal-bacterial ...granular sludge system when treating low COD/NH4–N (309.4 mg L−1/213.6 mg L−1) wastewater under sunlight irradiation (RS). Sunlight irradiation, algae growth and free nitrous acid (FNA) decreased the activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by 25.7% and completely inhibited the activity of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), resulting in a NH4–N removal efficiency of ≥99% and a nitrite accumulation efficiency of 96.5% in Rs. Compared with the control without sunlight irradiation (RC), the algal-bacterial granules in RS produced 34.7% and 13.1% more proteins and polysaccharides, respectively, and exhibited a higher structure stability. The lipid content in the algal-bacterial granules was 68.7 mg g-SS−1, which was about 2.1 times higher than that in the granules from RC, making the algal-bacterial granule a value-added biomass. Meanwhile, the content of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters increased remarkably due to the growth of algae (Stigeoclonium, Scenedesmus and Navicula). The combined stress of sunlight irradiation, algae growth and high FNA in RS only slightly lowered the relative abundance of Nitrosomonadaceae (AOB family) from 7.5% to 5.8%, while Nitrospiraceae (NOB family) was severely inhibited and became undetectable.
•Partial nitrification was achieved in an algal-bacterial granular sludge system.•Algal-bacterial granules exhibited greater stability and higher lipid productivity.•Nitratation process was significantly inhibited by sunlight, algae and FNA.•NOB was more sensitive and unfavorable than AOB in the new system.•Stigeoclonium, Scenedesmus, Navicula were dominant algae in algal-bacterial granule.
Quinones, which are ubiquitous in nature, can act as sustainable and green electrode materials but face dissolution in organic electrolytes, resulting in fast fading of capacity and short cycle life. ...We report that quinone electrodes, especially calix4quinone (C4Q) in rechargeable metal zinc batteries coupled with a cation-selective membrane using an aqueous electrolyte, exhibit a high capacity of 335 mA h g
with an energy efficiency of 93% at 20 mA g
and a long life of 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 87% at 500 mA g
. The pouch zinc batteries with a respective depth of discharge of 89% (C4Q) and 49% (zinc anode) can deliver an energy density of 220 Wh kg
by mass of both a C4Q cathode and a theoretical Zn anode. We also develop an electrostatic potential computing method to demonstrate that carbonyl groups are active centers of electrochemistry. Moreover, the structural evolution and dissolution behavior of active materials during discharge and charge processes are investigated by operando spectral techniques such as IR, Raman, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies. Our results show that batteries using quinone cathodes and metal anodes in aqueous electrolyte are reliable approaches for mass energy storage.
Conventionally used antibiotics are present in low concentrations at the infection site and require multiple administrations to sustain a continuous bactericidal effect, which not only increases ...their systemic toxicity but also results in bacterial drug resistance. In this study, we first identified an interesting drug resistance mechanism mediated by bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and then designed novel antibiotic-loaded OMVs using this mechanism. We show that these antibiotic-loaded OMVs can effectively enter and kill pathogenic bacteria in vitro. In a mouse model of intestinal bacterial infection, one low-dose oral administration of antibiotic-loaded OMVs showed that the drug was retained in the intestine for 36 h, and no systemic spread was detected 12 h after drug administration. The antibiotic-loaded OMVs significantly reduced the bacterial load in the small intestine and feces of infected mice. Safety experiments confirmed that the antibiotic-loaded OMVs had excellent biocompatibility. This study extends the application range of OMVs and provides new ideas for the development of antibacterial drugs.
We first identified an interesting drug-resistance mechanism mediated by bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and then designed novel antibiotic-loaded OMVs (antibiotic-OMVs) using this mechanism to protect against intestinal bacterial infection. Display omitted
•Bacteria excrete large amounts of antibiotic-loaded vesicles through high efflux pump expression and OMV secretion.•OMVs effectively load antibiotics and improve antibiotic stability.•Antibiotic-loaded OMV exert passive and active bactericidal effects through drug release and bacterial invasion.•Antibiotic-loaded OMVs have excellent biocompatibility.•Antibiotic-loaded OMVs can effectively protect against intestinal bacterial infections with oral administration.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with periodic channels and tunable chemical structures have been widely considered as promising electrode materials in rechargeable batteries. However, the design ...and construction of high‐performance COFs‐based electrodes still face some challenges in the introduction of multiple efficient redox centers as well as the reduction of dead mass. To address these issues, a unique COF containing double active centers (C═N and N═N) is developed as an anode in rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The as‐prepared COF displays excellent electrochemical performance due to its remarkable structural stability and the existence of many active groups. Meanwhile, its electrochemical performance is significantly better than that of the small molecule compound or the linear polymer with the same construction units. Even at a high current density of 5 A/g, the LIBs with COF electrodes remain at a high discharge capacity of 227 mAh/g after 2000 cycles. Moreover, the distinction in electrochemical performances of these three materials is further revealed by calculation. This study illustrates the importance of molecular structure design for improving the performance of organic electrodes.
The article discusses the relationship between structure and electrochemical performance by regulating the degree of polymerization and first proposes Li+ storage mechanism of double active sites based on C═N and N═N groups in covalent organic frameworks.
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•Anaerobic granular sludge was hydrothermally treated for energy/nutrients recovery.•A lower hydrothermal temperature gained increase in net energy output.•Most phosphorus in the ...hydrochar existed in bioavailable forms.•E2-Energy concept was applied for hydrothermal carbonization of granular sludge.
Anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been applied for most highly efficacy anaerobic digestion systems like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed reactors. As a by-product from these systems, AGS is prospected as a promising resource for energy and nutrients recovery from wastewater. In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of AGS was investigated at different temperatures (160–240 °C) regarding the distributions of C, N and P in the hydrothermal products to maximize the utilization efficiency of AGS. Elemental composition and fuel characteristics of the hydrochar were evaluated. Results indicated that the percentages of C in hydrochar increased from 43.79% to 49.81% with the increase in HTC temperature, while N showed an opposite trend, decreasing from 9.58% to 5.49%. The higher heating value of hydrochar increased up to a maximum of 24 MJ/kg at 240 °C from 20 MJ/kg at 160 °C. However, the hydrochar yield decreased remarkably from 62% to 32%. As a result, the highest net energy output was about 6.86 MJ/kg achieved at 160 °C. Results from the van Krevelen diagram suggested that dehydration and decarboxylation reactions occurred during the HTC of AGS. In addition, the thermogravimetric analysis implied that the combustion of the produced hydrochar could be completed in two phases rather than the one phase as the raw AGS. With regard to other resources utilization, HTC was proved to be effective for AGS to immobilize and recycle phosphorus. The increase in HTC temperature exerted a limited effect on P distribution, resulting in less than 5% being released into the liquid at all tested HTC temperatures. Most of P were immobilized into the produced hydrochar where the bioavailable P fractions > 80%.
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