Ambivalent sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of hostile sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with ...endorsement of benevolent sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults (N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of hostile sexism, women’s hostile sexism, and women’s benevolent sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent sexism is particularly tenacious.
Sexist ideologies maintain and reinforce gender inequality, yet the stability of these belief systems is unknown. We addressed this oversight by examining changes in men’s and women’s hostile sexism ...(HS) and benevolent sexism (BS)—complementary gender-based belief systems, respectively, rooted in punitive and protective (albeit restrictive) attitudes toward women—using seven annual waves of longitudinal panel data (N = 15,626). Autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the rank-order stability of BS and HS, whereas latent growth models examined mean-level changes in both ideologies for men and women from 2009 to 2016. Results indicated that both BS and HS demonstrated high levels of rank-order stability across time for men and women. Nevertheless, women and men experienced mean-level curvilinear decreases in HS characterized by initial sharp declines that decelerated over time. Conversely, women’s mean-level BS initially declined slowly before gradually accelerating, whereas men’s mean-level HS decreased linearly. Together, these results indicate that sexism decreased over time.
This study examines attrition rates over the first four years of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, a longitudinal national panel sample of New Zealand adults. We report the base rate and ...covariates for the following four distinct classes of respondents: explicit withdrawals, lost respondents, intermittent respondents and constant respondents. A multinomial logistic regression examined an extensive range of demographic and socio-psychological covariates (among them the Big-Six personality traits) associated with membership in these classes (N = 5,814). Results indicated that men, Māori and Asian peoples were less likely to be constant respondents. Conscientiousness and Honesty-Humility were also positively associated with membership in the constant respondent class. Notably, the effect sizes for the socio-psychological covariates of panel attrition tended to match or exceed those of standard demographic covariates. This investigation broadens the focus of research on panel attrition beyond demographics by including a comprehensive set of socio-psychological covariates. Our findings show that core psychological covariates convey important information about panel attrition, and are practically important to the management of longitudinal panel samples like the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study.
The electrochemical properties of as-cast Zr56Cu19Ni11Al9Nb5 metallic glass and samples annealed at different temperatures were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization tests and ...electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. It was shown that passivation occurred for the as-cast sample and the samples annealed at 623–823 K, indicating good corrosion resistance. At higher annealing temperature, the corrosion resistance first increased, and then decreased. The sample annealed at 823 K exhibited the best corrosion resistance, with high spontaneous corrosion potential Ecorr at −0.045 VSCE, small corrosion current density icorr at 1.549 × 10−5 A·cm−2, high pitting potential Epit at 0.165 VSCE, the largest arc radius, and the largest sum of Rf and Rct at 5909 Ω·cm2. For the sample annealed at 923 K, passivation did not occur, with low Ecorr at −0.075 VSCE, large icorr at 1.879 × 10−5 A·cm−2, the smallest arc radius, and the smallest sum of Rf and Rct at 2173 Ω·cm2, which suggested the worst corrosion resistance. Proper annealing temperature led to improved corrosion resistance due to structural relaxation and better stability of the passivation film, however, if the annealing temperature was too high, the corrosion resistance deteriorated due to the chemical inhomogeneity between the crystals and the amorphous matrix. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations indicated that localized corrosion occurred. Results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) illustrated that the main corrosion products were ZrO2, CuO, Cu2O, Ni(OH)2, Al2O3, and Nb2O5.
Ambivalent sexism theory highlights the pernicious effects of benevolent sexism on women’s freedoms in society. Because the ideology idealizes women as nurturing mothers, benevolent sexism should be ...negatively associated with support for women’s reproductive rights. The current study examined this possibility by assessing the relationship between benevolent sexism and support for (a) elective abortion (i.e., abortions pursued, regardless of the reason) and (b) traumatic abortion (i.e., abortions pursued when the woman’s life is endangered) in a national probability sample of New Zealand adults (
N
= 6,132). As predicted, benevolent sexism was negatively associated with support for both elective and traumatic abortion. In contrast, hostile sexism—the punitive component of ambivalent sexism—was only negatively associated with support for traumatic abortion. These results demonstrate that ambivalent sexism—and particularly benevolent sexism—restricts women’s reproductive rights even in extreme cases where a woman’s life is in danger.
We examined changes in psychological distress experienced by residents of Christchurch following two catastrophic earthquakes in late 2010 and early 2011, using data from the New Zealand Attitudes ...and Values Study (NZAVS), a national probability panel study of New Zealand adults. Analyses focused on the 267 participants (172 women, 95 men) who were living in central Christchurch in 2009 (i.e., before the Christchurch earthquakes), and who also provided complete responses to our yearly panel questionnaire conducted in late 2010 (largely between the two major earthquakes), late 2011, and late 2012. Levels of psychological distress were similar across the different regions of central Christchurch immediately following the September 2010 earthquake, and remained comparable across regions in 2011. By late 2012, however, average levels of psychological distress in the regions had diverged as a function of the amount of property damage experienced within each given region. Specifically, participants in the least damaged region (i.e., the Fendalton-Waimairi and Riccarton-Wigram wards) experienced greater drops in psychological distress than did those in the moderately damaged region (i.e., across the Spreydon-Heathcote and Hagley-Ferrymead wards). However, the level of psychological distress reported by participants in the most damaged region (i.e., across Shirley-Papanui and Burwood-Pegasus) were not significantly different to those in the least damaged region of central Christchurch. These findings suggest that different patterns of psychological recovery emerged across the different regions of Christchurch, with the moderately damaged region faring the worst, but only after the initial shock of the destruction had passed.
Breastfeeding in public remains controversial in many Western nations. Prior work reveals that restrictive gender role attitudes and hostility toward women's empowerment contribute to the policing of ...women's bodies, especially when it comes to breastfeeding in public. Using a national sample of New Zealand adults (N = 16,789), we investigated the relationships of hostile and benevolent sexism with attitudes toward breastfeeding in public, as well as the potential moderating effects of gender. Results revealed that, although benevolent sexism only positively correlated with opposition to public breastfeeding for women, hostile sexism correlated positively with opposition to public breastfeeding among both women and men. These results suggest that opposition to breastfeeding in public is primarily rooted in hostile attitudes toward women who are perceived as violating traditional gender roles. Accordingly, social and health policies including information campaigns that reduce hostilely sexist stigmas of breastfeeding in public could help promote women's breastfeeding autonomy.
Although Benevolent Sexism (BS)—an ideology that highly reveres women who conform to traditional gender roles—is cloaked in a superficially positive tone, being placed upon a pedestal is inherently ...restrictive. Accordingly, because the paternalistic beliefs associated with BS are based on the idealization of traditional gender roles (which include motherhood), BS should predict people’s attitudes toward women’s reproductive rights. Using data from a nationwide longitudinal panel study (N = 12,299), Study 1 showed that BS (but not Hostile Sexism) had cross-lagged effects on opposition to both elective and traumatic abortion. Study 2 (N = 309) extended these findings by showing that the relationship between BS and support for abortion was fully mediated by attitudes toward motherhood. These results highlight the pernicious nature of BS by demonstrating that the idealization of women—and motherhood, in particular—comes at a substantial cost (namely, the restriction of women’s reproductive rights).
Although living in diverse communities can affect socio-political views, studies rarely--if ever--assess mediators of the relationship between macro-level diversity and individual-level intergroup ...attitudes. According to the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice, community-level diversity should correlate negatively with right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) by reducing dangerous and competitive worldviews, respectively. Study 1 examined these hypotheses using a nationwide random sample of New Zealand Europeans (N = 11,007) nested in 254 communities. As hypothesised, community-level diversity had specific negative indirect effects on between-level variability in RWA and SDO via reductions in dangerous and competitive worldviews, respectively. Study 2 pursued a longitudinal follow-up (N = 9,355) and showed that dangerous and competitive worldviews predicted increases in RWA and SDO (respectively) a year later. Collectively, these results demonstrate that living in diverse communities can improve intergroup attitudes by reducing perceptions that the world is a dangerous and competitive place.
Despite being a defining issue in the culture war, the political psychology of abortion attitudes remains poorly understood. We address this oversight by reviewing existing literature and integrating ...new analyses of several large‐scale, cross‐sectional, and longitudinal datasets to identify the demographic and ideological correlates of abortion attitudes. Our review and new analyses indicate that abortion support is increasing modestly over time in both the United States and New Zealand. We also find that a plurality of respondents (43.8%) in the United States are consistently “pro‐choice,” whereas 14.8% are consistently “pro‐life,” across various elective and traumatic abortion scenarios. We then show that age, religiosity, and conservatism correlate negatively, whereas Openness to Experience correlates positively, with abortion support. New analyses of heterosexual couples further reveal that women's and men's religiosity decrease their romantic partner's abortion support. Noting inconsistent gender differences in attitudes toward abortion, we then discuss the impact of traditional gender‐role attitudes and sexism on abortion attitudes and conclude that, rather than misogyny, benevolent sexism—the belief that women should be cherished and protected—best explains opposition to abortion. Our review thus provides a comprehensive overview of the demographic and ideological variables that underly abortion attitudes and, hence, the broader culture war.
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