Chloroplasts are the sites for photosynthesis, and two Golden2-like factors act as transcriptional activators of chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Rice OsGLK1 ...and OsGLK2 are orthologous to maize ZmGLK1 (ZmG1) and ZmGLK2 (ZmG2), respectively. However, while rice OsGLK1 and OsGLK2 act redundantly to regulate chloroplast development in mesophyll cells, maize ZmG1 and ZmG2 are functionally specialized and expressed in different cell-specific manners. To boost rice chloroplast development and photosynthesis, we generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing ZmG1 and ZmG2, individually or simultaneously, with constitutive promoters (pZmUbi::ZmG1 and p35S::ZmG2) or maize promoters (pZmG1::ZmG1, pZmG2::ZmG2, and pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2). Both ZmG1 and ZmG2 genes were highly expressed in transgenic rice leaves. Moreover, ZmG1 and ZmG2 showed coordinated expression in pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2 plants. All Golden2-like (GLK) transgenic plants had higher chlorophyll and protein contents, Rubisco activities and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area in flag leaves. However, the highest grain yields occurred when maize promoters were used; pZmG1::ZmG1, pZmG2::ZmG2, and pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2 transgenic plants showed increases in grain yield by 51%, 47%, and 70%, respectively. In contrast, the pZmUbi::ZmG1 plant produced smaller seeds without yield increases. Transcriptome analysis indicated that maize GLKs act as master regulators promoting the expression of both photosynthesis-related and stress-responsive regulatory genes in both rice shoot and root. Thus, by promoting these important functions under the control of their own promoters, maize GLK1 and GLK2 genes together dramatically improved rice photosynthetic performance and productivity. A similar approach can potentially improve the productivity of many other crops.
The negative fixed charge density contributed by graphene oxide is estimated as high as 6 x 10 12 cm −2 . Graphene oxide is therefore a promising candidate for Si solar cell passivation. However, ...the high-temperature steps for manufacturing commercial Si solar cells would change the composition of graphene oxide. Therefore, graphene oxide cannot be directly adopted by commercial PERC manufacturers with the high-temperature firing step after the rear passivation step. To suppress the high-temperature degradation, we have deposited the graphene oxide on the rear surface of commercial IBC cells directly, and V oc , J sc and efficiency of the cell all improved after 100 μL graphene oxide deposition. Graphene oxide can be adopted as the passivation material of commercial cells as long as the high-temperature process on graphene oxide can be suppressed.
Graphene oxide, which owns negative fixed charge is evaluated to be the passivation film of commercial Si pn solar cells. The high-temperature co-firing process for contact formation was proved to ...degrade the passivation effects of GO. Hence, we apply GO on the commercial IBC solar cell directly. The efficiency is increased from 13.4 % to 14.3 %. As long as the GO is not suffering from high-temperature procedures, it can effectively passivate Si solar cells via suppressing recombination of electron-hole pairs.
Novel discotic liquid crystalline (DLC) monomers with a mesogenic 2,8,14-triphenylhexabenzo
bc
,
ef
,
hi
,
kl
,
no
,
qr
coronene (HBC) core bearing alternating dovetailed alkyl and linear alkyl ...chains with a diacetylenic unit at different positions along the chain were successfully synthesized in this study. These monomers exhibited a discotic hexagonal columnar mesophase at room temperature. Depending on the location of the diacetylene unit in the linear alkyl chain (closer to or farther away from the HBC core), different aggregation patterns and reactivities toward photo-induced polymerization were observed. Thus polymerization along the discotic liquid crystalline column yielding a fiber-like polymer was achieved for the compound with the diacetylene unit closer to the HBC core, whereas cross-linking between neighboring molecules was suggested for the compound with the diacetylene unit farther away from the HBC core. Powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, UV spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize these systems.
A new polymerizable 2,8,14-triphenylhexabenzo
bc
,
ef
,
hi
,
kl
,
no
,
qr
coronene (HBC) mesogen bearing alternating dovetailed and linear alkyl chains with a diacetylenic unit were successfully synthesized in this study.
Novel discotic liquid crystalline (DLC) monomers with a mesogenic 2,8,14-triphenylhexabenzo bc , ef , hi , kl , no , qr coronene (HBC) core bearing alternating dovetailed alkyl and linear alkyl ...chains with a diacetylenic unit at different positions along the chain were successfully synthesized in this study. These monomers exhibited a discotic hexagonal columnar mesophase at room temperature. Depending on the location of the diacetylene unit in the linear alkyl chain (closer to or farther away from the HBC core), different aggregation patterns and reactivities toward photo-induced polymerization were observed. Thus polymerization along the discotic liquid crystalline column yielding a fiber-like polymer was achieved for the compound with the diacetylene unit closer to the HBC core, whereas cross-linking between neighboring molecules was suggested for the compound with the diacetylene unit farther away from the HBC core. Powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, UV spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize these systems.
In this work, we demonstrate the cell efficiency improvements by means of some technologies, which include reactive ion etching (RIE) texturing, selective emitter (SE), double printing (DP), and ...light induced plating (LIP). Besides, some potential issues to transfer these technologies into mass production are also discussed.
In the title molecule, C8H12N2O2S, the imidazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 5.9 (2)° with the mean plane of the carboxylate group. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of ...N—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.
In the title compound, C(13)H(21)N(3)O(4)S, the mean plane of the -N(H)-C(=O)-O- group of the carbamate unit forms a dihedral angle of 64.7 (2)° with the mean plane of the -C-C(=O)-O- group of the ...ester unit. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the c-axis direction.
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