Anthocyanins, which have important biological functions and have a beneficial effect on human health, notably account for pigmentation in purple-fleshed sweet potato tuberous roots. Individual ...regulatory factors of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified; however, the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato is unclear.
We functionally determined that IbMYB340 cotransformed with IbbHLH2 in tobacco and strawberry receptacles induced anthocyanin accumulation, and the addition of IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b caused increased pigmentation. Furthermore, we confirmed the interaction of IbMYB340 with IbbHLH2 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b via yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation assays; these proteins could form a MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56a or MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56b transcriptional complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to the IbANS promoter rather than the IbUFGT promoter. Furthermore, it was found by a transient expression system in tobacco leaves that IbMYB44 could decrease anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the interaction of IbMYB44 with IbMYB340 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b was verified. This result suggested that IbMYB44 acts as a repressor of anthocyanin in sweet potato.
The repressor IbMYB44 affected anthocyanin biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting the IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56a or IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56b regulatory complex formation. Overall, the present study proposed a novel regulatory network whereby several vital TFs play key roles in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, and it provides strong insight into the potential mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato tuberous roots with purple color.
PurposePrevious studies have mostly discussed the impact of environmental policy on enterprise innovation, but the discussion on how turbulence in environmental policy may affect firms' green ...innovation has been insufficient. This paper explores the effect of environmental policy uncertainty on corporate green innovation in the turnover of environmental protection officials (EPOT) context.Design/methodology/approachThe authors manually collected the data on the EPOT of 280 Chinese prefecture-level cities, and used the Poisson regression model to conduct empirical analyses based on the panel data of 1472 Chinese listed manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2017.FindingsThe results show that environmental policy uncertainty leads firms to reduce their green patent applications only for green invention patent applications. Such an effect is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). In addition, when the new directors of the Ecology and Environmental Bureau take office through promotions or are no more than 55 years old, the negative effect is more obvious, but there is no significant difference regardless of whether new directors have worked in environmental protection departments.Originality/valueFirst, this paper supplements the research on the antecedents of corporate green innovation from the perspective of environmental policy uncertainty and extends the applications of real options theory. Second, this paper expands the research on the government–business relationship from the EPOT perspective.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gaseous signaling molecule in animal cells, has recently been found to play a physiological role in plants. Here we studied the role of SO2 in gibberellic acid (GA3)-induced ...programmed cell death (PCD) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layers. The application of the SO2 donor (NaHSO3/Na2SO3, 1:3 M/M) effectively alleviated PCD in barley aleurone layers in a dose-dependent manner with an optimal concentration of 50 μM. Further investigations showed that SO2 reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (⋅O2-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in aleurone layers. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) were enhanced by SO2 donor treatment. Meanwhile, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity was attenuated by SO2 donor treatment. Furthermore, an induction of endogenous H2S and NO were also observed in SO2-treated aleurone layers, suggesting interactions of SO2 with other well-known signaling molecules. Taken together, we show that SO2 negatively regulated PCD by acting as an antioxidant to scavenge excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during PCD.
Hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) could act as a versatile signaling molecule in delaying fruit ripening and senescence. Ethylene (C
2
H
4
) also plays a key role in climacteric fruit ripening, but little ...attention has been given to its interaction with H
2
S in modulating fruit ripening and senescence. To study the role of H
2
S treatment on the fruit quality and nutrient metabolism, tomato fruits at white mature stage were treated with ethylene and ethylene plus H
2
S. By comparing to C
2
H
4
treatment, we found that additional H
2
S significantly delayed the color change of tomato fruit, and maintained higher chlorophyll and lower flavonoids during storage. Moreover, H
2
S could inhibit the activity of protease, maintained higher levels of nutritional-related metabolites, such as anthocyanin, starch, soluble protein, ascorbic acid by comparing to C
2
H
4
treatment. Gene expression analysis showed that additional H
2
S attenuated the expression of beta-amylase encoding gene
BAM3
, UDP-glycosyltransferase encoding genes, ethylene-responsive transcription factor
ERF003
and
DOF22
. Furthermore, principal component analysis suggested that starch, titratable acids, and ascorbic acid were important factors for affecting the tomato storage quality, and the correlation analysis further showed that H
2
S affected pigments metabolism and the transformation of macromolecular to small molecular metabolites. These results showed that additional H
2
S could maintain the better appearance and nutritional quality than C
2
H
4
treatment alone, and prolong the storage period of post-harvest tomato fruits.
In this work, a new composite materials of graphene oxide (GO)-incorporated metal-organic framework (MOF)(UiO-66-NH₂/GO) were in-situ synthesized, and were found to exhibit enhanced high performances ...for CO₂ capture. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ physical adsorption, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied to investigate the crystalline structure, pore structure, thermal stability, and the exterior morphology of the composite. We aimed to investigate the influence of the introduction of GO on the stability of the crystal skeleton and pore structure. Water, acid, and alkali resistances were tested for physical and chemical properties of the new composites. CO₂ adsorption isotherms of UiO-66, UiO-66-NH₂, UiO-66/GO, and UiO-66-NH₂/GO were measured at 273 K, 298 K, and 318 K. The composite UiO-66-NH₂/GO exhibited better optimized CO₂ uptake of 6.41 mmol/g at 273 K, which was 5.1% higher than that of UiO-66/GO (6.10 mmol/g). CO₂ adsorption heat and CO₂/N₂ selectivity were then calculated to further evaluate the CO₂ adsorption performance. The results indicated that UiO-66-NH₂/GO composites have a potential application in CO₂ capture technologies to alleviate the increase in temperature of the earth's atmosphere.
As a signaling molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) plays an indispensable role in the modulation of ripening and senescence in fruits and vegetables. To explore the role of H
2
S in regulating ...metabolism of postharvest tomato, ripening-related physiological parameters, activities of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression were analyzed in H
2
S-fumigated tomato fruits. These results show that H
2
S significantly delayed the color transition and softening of tomato fruit, and maintained higher level of flavonoids and lower level of anthocyanin during storage. Besides, H
2
S could maintain higher level of nutritional-related metabolites, such as reducing sugar, ascorbic acid during postharvest storage. Moreover, H
2
S decreased the rate of O
2
−
production, inhibited the production of H
2
O
2
and malondialdehyde (MDA), enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) in tomato fruits, while reduced the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX). Besides, the expression of the antioxidant-encoding genes
SlCAT2
,
SlPOD12
was generally upregulated with H
2
S fumigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that H
2
S induced significant discrepancy mainly to the differences in firmness, anthocyanin, flavonoid and the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and the correlation analysis further shows that H
2
S affected pigment metabolism and nutritional quality. In conclusion, H
2
S could maintain better appearance and nutritional quality, and prolong the storage period of postharvest tomato fruits through activating the antioxidative system.
In this study, the causes of the underestimated diurnal 2-m temperature range and the overestimated 2-m specific humidity in the winter of northern China in the Rapid-Refresh Multiscale Analysis and ...Prediction System–Short Term (RMAPS-ST) are investigated. Three simulations based on RMAPS-ST are conducted from 1 November 2016 to 28 February 2017. Further analyses show that the partitioning of surface upward sensible heat fluxes and downward ground heat fluxes might be the main contributing factor to the 2-m temperature forecast bias. In this study, two simulations are conducted to examine the effect of soil moisture initialization and soil hydraulic property on the 2-m temperature and 2-m specific humidity forecasts. First, the High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) is used to provide an alternative soil moisture initialization. The results show that the drier soil moisture could lead to noticeable change in energy partitioning at the land surface, which in turn results in improved prediction of the diurnal 2-m temperature range, although it also enlarges the 2-m specific humidity bias in some parts of the domain. Second, a soil texture dataset developed by Beijing Normal University and the revised hydraulic parameters are applied to provide a more detailed description of soil properties, which could further improve the 2-m specific humidity bias. In summary, the combination of using optimized soil moisture initialization, an updated soil map, and revised soil hydraulic parameters can help improve the 2-m temperature and 2-m specific humidity prediction in RMAPS-ST.
Complex civil structures require the cooperation of many building materials. However, it is difficult to accurately monitor and evaluate the inner damage states of various material systems. Based on ...a convolutional neural network (CNN) and the acoustic emission (AE) time‐frequency diagram, we used the transfer learning method for classifying the AE signals of different materials under external loads. The results show the CNN model can accurately classify cracks that come from different materials based on AE signals. The recognition accuracy can reach 90% just by retraining the full connection layer of the pretrained model, and its accuracy can reach 97% after retraining the top 2 convolutional layers of this model. A realization of cracking source identification mainly depends on the differences in mineral particles in materials. This work highlights the great potential for real‐time and quantitative monitoring of the health status of composite civil structures.
The activities and gene expression of antioxidative enzymes and the ROS content were analyzed in two typical storage-tolerant cultivars (Xushu 32 and Shangshu 19) and another two storage-sensitive ...cultivars (Yanshu 25 and Sushu 16) to explore the association between the storage capacity of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and ROS scavenging capability. The storage roots of the storage-tolerant cultivars maintained higher activities and expression levels of antioxidative enzymes, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); lower activity and expression of lipoxygenase (LOX); and lower accumulation of ROS metabolites compared with the storage-sensitive cultivars. The antioxidative capability and ROS parameters of leaves were positively correlated with those of storage roots. Our results provide valuable insight for evaluating the storability of sweetpotato cultivars by analyzing the capabilities of the antioxidative system and the contents of ROS metabolites.
Excitotoxicity is a prevalent pathological event in neurodegenerative diseases. The involvement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of excitotoxicity remains elusive. Transcriptome analysis has ...revealed that cytoplasmic reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) levels are associated with susceptibility to ferroptosis-inducing compounds. Here we show that exogenous NADPH, besides being reductant, interacts with N-myristoyltransferase 2 (NMT2) and upregulates the N-myristoylated ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). NADPH increases membrane-localized FSP1 and strengthens resistance to ferroptosis. Arg-291 of NMT2 is critical for the NADPH-NMT2-FSP1 axis-mediated suppression of ferroptosis. This study suggests that NMT2 plays a pivotal role by bridging NADPH levels and neuronal susceptibility to ferroptosis. We propose a mechanism by which the NADPH regulates N-myristoylation, which has important implications for ferroptosis and disease treatment.
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