Mirror drawing is a motor learning task that is used to evaluate and improve eye-hand coordination of users and can be implemented in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) for ...training purposes. In this paper, we investigated the effect of color cues on user motor performance in a mirror-drawing task between Virtual Environment (VE) and Real World (RW), with three different colors. We conducted a 5-day user study with twelve participants. The results showed that the participants made fewer errors in RW compared to VR, except for pre-training, which indicated that hardware and software limitations have detrimental effects on the motor learning of the participants across different realities. Furthermore, participants made fewer errors with the colors close to green, which is usually associated with serenity, contentment, and relaxation. According to our findings, VR headsets can be used to evaluate participants' eye-hand coordination in mirror drawing tasks to evaluate the motor-learning of participants. VE and RW training applications could benefit from our findings in order to enhance their effectiveness.
To determine in a user study whether proposed keyboard layouts, such as OPTI, can surpass QWERTY in performance, extended training through longitudinal studies is crucial. However, addressing the ...challenge of creating trained users presents a logistical bottleneck. A common alternative involves having participants type the same word or phrase repeatedly. We conducted two separate studies to investigate this alternative. The findings reveal that both approaches, repeatedly typing words or phrases, have limitations in accurately estimating trained user performance. Thus, we propose the Guided Evaluation Method (GEM), a novel approach to quickly estimate trained user performance with novices. Our results reveal that in a matter of minutes, participants exhibited performance similar to an existing longitudinal study — OPTI outperforms QWERTY. As it eliminates the need for resource-intensive longitudinal studies, our new GEM thus enables much faster estimation of trained user performance. This outcome will potentially reignite research on better text entry methods.
•Repeated word/phrase typing has limitations in estimating trained user performance.•A novel Guided Evaluation Method (GEM).•The GEM can estimate trained user text entry performance within minutes.
In eye-gaze-based selection, dwell suffers from several issues, e.g., the Midas Touch problem. Here we investigate saccade-based selection techniques as an alternative to dwell. First, we designed a ...novel user interface (UI) for Actigaze and used it with (goal-crossing) saccades for confirming the selection of small targets (i.e., < 1.5-2°). We compared it with three other variants of Actigaze (with button press, dwell, and target reverse crossing) and two variants of target magnification (with button press and dwell). Magnification-dwell exhibited the most promising performance. For Actigaze, goal-crossing was the fastest option but suffered the most errors. We then evaluated goal-crossing as a primary selection technique for normal-sized targets (≥ 2°) and implemented a novel UI for such interaction. Results revealed that dwell achieved the best performance. Yet, we identified goal-crossing as a good compromise between dwell and button press. Our findings thus identify novel options for gaze-only interaction.
Effect of Stereo Deficiencies on Virtual Distal Pointing Batmaz, Anil Ufuk; Hudhud Mughrabi, Moaaz; Barrera Machuca, Mayra Donaji ...
Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology,
11/2022
Conference Proceeding
Previous work has shown that the mismatch between disparity and optical focus cues, i.e., the vergence and accommodation conflict (VAC), affects virtual hand selection in immersive systems. To ...investigate if the VAC also affects distal pointing with ray casting, we ran a user study with an ISO 9241:411 multidirectional selection task where participants selected 3D targets with three different VAC conditions, no VAC, i.e., targets placed roughly at 75 cm, which matches the focal plane of the VR headset, constant VAC, i.e., at 400 cm from the user, and varying VAC, where the depth distance of targets changed between 75 cm and 400 cm. According to our results, the varying VAC condition requires the most time and decreases the throughput performance of the participants. It also takes longer for users to select targets in the constant VAC condition than without the VAC. Our results show that in distal pointing placing objects at different depth planes has detrimental effect on the user performance.
My Eyes Hurt: Effects of Jitter in 3D Gaze Tracking Mughrabi, Moaaz Hudhud; Mutasim, Aunnoy K; Stuerzlinger, Wolfgang ...
2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW),
2022-March
Conference Proceeding
Jitter, small fluctuations in the signal, is one of the major sources for a decrease in motor performance and a negative user experience in virtual reality (VR) systems. Current technologies still ...cannot eliminate jitter in VR systems, especially in the eye-gaze tracking systems embedded in many head-mounted displays. In this work, we used an HTC Vive Pro Eye, artificially added 0.5°, 1°, and 1.5° jitter to the eye-tracking data, and analyzed user performance in an ISO 9241: 411 pointing task with targets at 1 or 2 meters visual distance using angular Fitts' law. The results showed that the user's error rate significantly increases with increased jitter levels. No significant difference was observed for time and throughput. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in performance in terms of time, error rate, and accuracy for the more distant targets. We hope that our results guide researchers, practitioners, and developers towards better gaze-tracking-based VR applications.
To identify if novel/unfamiliar keyboard layouts like OPTI can outperform QWERTY, lengthy training through longitudinal studies is typically required. To reduce this logistical bottleneck, a popular ...approach in the literature requires participants to type the same phrase repeatedly. However, it is still unknown whether this approach provides a good estimate of expert performance. To validate this method, we set up a study where participants were tasked with typing the same phrase 96 times for both OPTI and QWERTY. Results showed that this approach has the potential to estimate expert performance for novel/unfamiliar keyboards faster than the traditional approach with different phrases. Yet, we also found that accurate estimates still require training over several days and, therefore, do not eliminate the need for a longitudinal study. Our findings thus show the need for research on faster, easier, and more reliable empirical approaches to evaluate text entry systems.
Eye-hand coordination training systems are used to train participants' motor skills and visual perception. Such systems have already been tested in Virtual Reality, and the results revealed that Head ...Mounted Display-based systems have the potential to improve the motor training. However, this was only investigated in an hour-long study. In the longitudinal study reported here, we analyzed the motor performance of three participants in ten sessions with three different assessment criteria, where participants were instructed to focus on speed, error rate, or complete the training freely (with no instructions). We also assessed the effective throughput performance of the participants. Our results indicate that effective throughput can be potentially used as an additional assessment criterion. We hope that our results will help practitioners and developers design efficient Virtual Reality training systems.
