Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has become an important material to rehabilitate deteriorating concrete structures. The quality of the bond between the externally-bonded CFRP and concrete ...elements is crucial to durability and structural integrity of the rehabilitated concrete structure. However, flaws between CFRP and concrete interfaces can reduce the effective contact area significantly and therefore, the overall bond strength at these interfaces. Such flaws are not readily noticed by naked eyes, but can be detected and quantified non-destructively and effectively by using full-field and non-contact infrared thermography (IRT) and laser shearography. Flaw and sound areas presented within the FRP-concrete interfaces manifest very different thermal decay and mechanical fingerprints. In this paper, we report a study which tested, with IRT and shearography, the sizes and shapes of 17 round-shaped and artificial flaws embedded in 6 CFRP-concrete specimens; and then compared the results with the actual flaw sizes and shapes. In general, the results show that IRT underestimated the actual flaw sizes by 6.1% on average, whilst shearography overestimated the actual flaw sizes by 9.4% on average. These results demonstrated that both IRT and shearography are promising non-destructive evaluation techniques that can be used to define flaw boundaries and determine flaw sizes within the CFRP-concrete composites.
Ubump is the key element for die-to-die stacking. However, the adoption of ubump will encounter higher cold joint risk than flip chip bump due to less solder volume and symmetry ubump pattern of ...stacking dies. In this study, the phenomenon of ubump height distribution across the die is analyzed. The mechanism of ubump height variation is discussed, and the approach for cold joint risk mitigation is demonstrated. The experiment result indicated 20% ubump height variation is achieved with dynamic sizing patterning.
To assess the prevalence and clinical significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and precore and core promoter mutations in Taiwan, a cohort of 200 Taiwanese chronic hepatitis B patients was ...analyzed. The HBV genotypes and sequences of the precore and the core promoter regions were determined in 66 asymptomatic carriers and 134 patients who had liver biopsy-verified chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. The HBV e-antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients had a higher frequency of mutations at core promoter nucleotides 1753 and 1773 and precore nucleotides 1846, 1896, and 1899 than HBeAg-positive patients. Among the 200 patients, the frequencies of genotype C, T1762 and A1764, C1753, T1766 and A1768, and A1896 mutations increased and the frequencies of T or G1752, T1773, G1799, and C1858 mutations decreased with advancing liver diseases. These factors were different between those with HBeAg-positive status and those with HBeAg-negative status. Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk factors of liver cirrhosis for 200 patients were the presence of T1762 and A1764 mutations (odds ratio OR = 11.11; 95% confidence interval CI = 3.91 to 31.25; P < 0.001), age >/=35 years (OR = 3.42; 95% CI = 1.33 to 8.77; P = 0.011), and genotype C (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.21 to 6.81; P = 0.017). Further categorical analysis found that 62.1% of patients with genotype C, T1762 and A1764 mutations and age >/=35 years had liver cirrhosis. None of the 55 patients infected with the genotype B, A1762 and G1764 wild type and age <35 years showed liver cirrhosis. In conclusion, our data suggest that pathogenic differences between HBeAg-positive and -negative patients may exist. In Taiwan, HBV genotype C and the T1762 and A1764 mutations may play a role in HBV-related liver cirrhosis, and these could serve as molecular markers for prediction of the clinical outcomes of chronic HBV patients.
Nonpolar (100) m-plane n-ZnO/p-GaN light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) were grown by chemical vapor deposition on p-GaN templates which was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on LiAlO ...super(2)(100) substrate. Direct current (DC) electroluminescence (EL) measurements yielded a peak at 458nm The EL peak position was independent of drive current and a full width of half maximum(FWHM) of 21.8 nm was realized at 20mA. The current-voltage characteristics of these diodes showed a forward voltage (V sub(f)) of 6V with a series resistance of 2.2 x 10 super(5) Omega .
Protein production and purification Gräslund, Susanne; Nordlund, Pär; Weigelt, Johan ...
Nature methods,
02/2008, Letnik:
5, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In selecting a method to produce a recombinant protein, a researcher is faced with a bewildering array of choices as to where to start. To facilitate decision-making, we describe a consensus 'what to ...try first' strategy based on our collective analysis of the expression and purification of over 10,000 different proteins. This review presents methods that could be applied at the outset of any project, a prioritized list of alternate strategies and a list of pitfalls that trip many new investigators.
Motivated by frequently repeated activities of negotiating similar sales contracts and inadequate studies of business-to-business (B2B) negotiation processes, we formulate a meta-model of ...e-Negotiation based on a practical meta-model for e-Contract template and template variables to allow flexible support for a variety of negotiation processes. Based on our meta-models, we develop an effective implementation framework with contemporary Web services technology. We illustrate our methodology with three typical kinds of sales e-Negotiation processes, namely, bargaining, auction, and request for proposals (RFPs). As a result, B2B, business-to-customer (B2C), or even customer-to-customer (C2C) negotiation can be systematically supported in a unified pragmatic framework for both human and programmatic access.
Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β-alkyl-substituted (E)-β-(acylamino)-acrylates catalyzed by Ru((R)-Xyl-P-Phos)(C6H6)Cl2 complex (cat. 1c) was achieved in up to 99.7% ee. Moderate to good ...enantioselectivities in the hydrogenation of corresponding (Z)-isomers in the presence of Rh((R)-Xyl-P-Phos)(COD)BF4 (cat. 2c) were also obtained. The results demonstrated that the electronic and steric properties of the dipyridylphosphine ligands as well as the different transition metal ions have significant influences on the catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of β-(acylamino)acrylates.
Since the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, genomic information has been retrievable from lesser amounts of DNA than previously possible. PCR-based amplifications require ...high-precision instruments to perform temperature cycling reactions; further, they are cumbersome for routine clinical use. However, the use of isothermal approaches can eliminate many complications associated with thermocycling. The application of diagnostic devices for isothermal DNA amplification has recently been studied extensively. In this paper, we describe the basic concepts of several isothermal amplification approaches and review recent progress in diagnostic device development.
To compare CT and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-measured prostate volumes in patients with untreated prostate cancer.
Between 1995 and 1999, 48 consecutive patients at the Portland Veterans Affairs ...Medical Center were treated with external beam radiotherapy. In 36 of these patients, TRUS and CT measurements of the prostate volume were obtained before treatment and <6 months apart. The TRUS volume was calculated using the prolate ellipsoid formula. The CT volume was calculated from the contours of the prostate drawn by one physician, who was unaware of the TRUS volume calculation, on axial CT images.
The TRUS and CT prostate volume measurements correlated strongly (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.925, 95% confidence interval 0.856–0.961,
p < 0.0001). The CT volume was consistently larger than the TRUS volume by a factor of approximately 1.5. In men with a TRUS prostate volume less than the median (<28 cm
3), the CT/TRUS volume ratio was 1.7, and it was 1.4 for men whose volume was greater than the median. The CT volumes were correlated similarly with the TRUS volumes regardless of the CT slice interval.
A strong correlation was found between CT scan and TRUS measurement of the prostate volume; however, CT consistently overestimated the prostate volume by approximately 50% compared with TRUS.
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