Recent scholars of the professions have argued that a new hybrid form of professionalism is becoming dominant. This new form combines traditional commitments to ethics and community service with new ...commitments to managerial and entrepreneurial objectives. We analyze the perceptions of 4,300 U.S. graduate students in 21 fields concerning how well their programs have prepared them for leadership and management and for ethics and community service. These assessments allow us to examine the prevalence of this new conception of professionalism and to examine it in relation to two other conceptions: the “neo-classical” emphasis on ethics and community service as opposed to leadership and management, and another that emphasizes a divergence between business and technical professions on one side and social and cultural professions on the other. Hybridization was comparatively rare but occurred more frequently among students preparing for management, law, and medicine, and among men and students from more affluent families. We also find some support for the neo-classical thesis insofar as students tended to score higher on the ethics and community measure than on the leadership and management measure. However, the largest number of students took positions consistent with the divergence thesis.
Objectives
We aimed to explore profiles of mothers with respect to two key risk factors, SES and parenting stress, and then examine the role of maternal perceived social support and negative ...intentionality in toddlers’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors in these mother profiles.
Method
A sample of 463 mothers with 1–3 years old non-clinical toddlers completed scales. First, in Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), we identified two distinct mother profiles, as high SES–low stress (low-risk) and low SES–high stress (high-risk) groups. Then, we tested the pattern of associations among maternal perceived social support, negative intentionality, and child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in a multi-group SEM analysis based on these two profiles.
Results
There was a strong negative association between social support and both internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the low-risk profile mothers, but not in the high-risk profile mothers. Regardless of mothers’ profiles, the perceived negative intentionality in toddlers’ behaviors positively predicted both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. However, the perceived negative intentionality did not mediate the negative association between perceived social support and toddlers’ problem behaviors.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that mothers’ negative attributions about child’s behaviors can play a critical role at the early stages of problem behaviors and social support can be an important factor to decrease the child’s externalizing problem behaviors especially for the low-risk group of mothers. Intervention programs should be designed with the differential contribution of social support and negative intentionality in the onset of toddlers’ problem behaviors.
As part of a larger project that analyzes disciplinary and interdisciplinary growth in the United States, this article quantitatively investigates the expansion of undergraduate education in design ...at four-year colleges and universities between 1988 and 2012. It utilizes data from the US Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Survey (IPEDS), which is especially suitable for investigating field-level change. Results show that undergraduate design education is growing in both absolute and relative terms, but this growth varies according to different institution types and conditions. Hence, variables such as control type (i.e., public vs. private), Carnegie classification type, institution size, and institutional revenues have differential influences on the diffusion of bachelor's degree-granting programs and the share of bachelor's degrees. This study provides valuable insights to policymakers, administrators, and design educators who seek to make meaningful interventions within the academy, and it will advance our understanding of the changing institutional organization of design education and the future of design disciplines in the United States.
This paper examines the change in the forms of employment of industrial designers between 1984 and 2018 in Turkey. The empirical data come from the graduates of the four oldest industrial design ...departments in the country. Utilizing multiple sources, we collected longitudinal data on forms of employment and duration of jobs for a total of 1205 individuals. Drawing on this data, we present a descriptive analysis of the changing job patterns in in-house employment, self-employment, freelance work, academic jobs and part-time teaching jobs. Our findings show that throughout the three and a half decades (1) in-house employment remains the main form of employment, in which UX-focused jobs emerge as a recent and consistently increasing subcategory, (2) the percentage of self-employed job types dropped significantly, and this lacuna was filled by freelance jobs, and (3) there is a considerable increase in women's participation in industrial design jobs, particularly in in-house positions.
What accounts for the remarkable growth of environmental sciences and studies (ESS) in US higher education over the past 50 years? This paper focuses on institutional characteristics to explain this ...'long green wave' of expansion. Drawing on data from 1345 US higher-education institutions from 1980-2010, we employ three-level hierarchical models to assess institutional and state-level factors associated with the presence of environmental studies and sciences. Findings indicate that environmental studies majors are most likely to be present at liberal arts schools and in states more inclined to adopting environmentally friendly policies, and less likely to exist at schools with large minority enrollments. Environmental sciences majors are less likely to be present at schools with large female enrollments. Two case studies of early adopters highlight the role of faculty, rather than student activists, as change-agents pushing for the development of ESS on college campuses in the 1960s and 70s.
Apart from a handful of studies that utilize longitudinal data, our knowledge is very limited regarding how large-scale disciplinary change occurs. This knowledge gap is even more glaring for design ...disciplines, despite their increasing significance. This article longitudinally analyzes the extra- and intra-institutional factors that affect the growth of undergraduate education in five major design disciplines in the United States between 1988 and 2012. These five disciplines are architecture, landscape architecture, urban/city/community and regional planning, industrial design, and interior design. To do so, it combines data from the US Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Survey (IPEDS) with state-level data from the US Census and US Department of Labor Statistics. Results from a series of analyses using lagged random effects models show that despite unique disciplinary histories, individual factors such as interdependencies between different fields, the size of institutions, and the increasing campus presence of women play a common role in the growth of five design disciplines in the United States.
•Interdependencies between disciplines matter profoundly for the growth of design disciplines.•Interdependency can either be in the form of mutual support or competition.•Institution size plays an important role, as expected.•The increasing campus presence of women matters.•Isomorphic pressures have a positive net effect for presence of design disciplines.
This paper utilizes social network analysis and multivariate statistical methods to quantitatively analyse co-authorship patterns between 2000 and 2015 in 13 influential design research journals. The ...results indicate that the importance and propensity of co-authorship is expanding in design research. Furthermore, the impact of an article, measured by year-adjusted citation counts, is significantly greater when it is co-authored. The structure of the co-authorship network is mostly comprised of small yet unconnected groups of authors, who seldom collaborate beyond a single article.
Industrial design (ID) is a fairly young and largely unknown profession in Turkey. Although significant developments have taken place in the field of ID in the past 15 years, the scope of scholarly ...attempts to analyze the sociological meaning of
in the Turkish context is extremely limited.
We use
and
as salient concepts for a sociological understanding the ongoing professionalization process of Turkish industrial designers, who are developing professional identities and striving for recognition in the larger culture. This paper relies on 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with key players (i.e., ideologues) of the Turkish ID scene to analyze these boundary-work processes.
We found that the positive collective identity of Turkish industrial designers is built on a formulation of
. These negative others are ideological antagonists that are pushed to the “other” side of the demarcation line. Negative others are especially dominant in the professional ideology of Turkish industrial designers because the perceived threats from these antagonists shape the collective consciousness. However, the construction of these others is an ambivalent process in which they also become ideological “friends.” We also demonstrate that professional ideology plays a pivotal role in producing, reproducing, and legitimizing claims of professionalism.
The authors propose a sociological distinctiveness to the design professions, using the disciplinary matrix proposed by Thomas Kuhn in his work 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions' to define the ...sciences. They define their interpretation of 'creative act' and 'design profession' using as examples architecture, interior design, and industrial design, and consider whether design has a specialised body of knowledge and shared commitment to theoretical models. They propose that their theory is integrative, bringing design within the general pool of cultural knowledge, rather than separating it from the sciences and humanities.
Interdisciplinarityhas become a buzzword in academia, as research universities funnel their financial resources toward collaborations between faculty in different disciplines. In theory, ...interdisciplinary collaboration breaks down artificial divisions between different departments, allowing more innovative and sophisticated research to flourish. But does it actually work this way in practice?
Investigating Interdisciplinary Collaborationputs the common beliefs about such research to the test, using empirical data gathered by scholars from the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. The book's contributors critically interrogate the assumptions underlying the fervor for interdisciplinarity. Their attentive scholarship reveals how, for all its potential benefits, interdisciplinary collaboration is neither immune to academia's status hierarchies, nor a simple antidote to the alleged shortcomings of disciplinary study.
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