BACKGROUND—Trans-fatty acid (TFA) consumption is associated with risk of coronary heart disease, and trans-18:2, but not trans-18:1, in red blood cell membranes has been associated with sudden ...cardiac arrest. Abnormal heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic dysfunction and predicts cardiac death. Relationships between TFA consumption and HRV remain understudied. We determined whether total TFA consumption, as well as trans-18:1 and trans-18:2 TFA consumption, was independently associated with HRV in 2 independent cohorts in the United States and Portugal.
METHODS AND RESULTS—In 2 independent cohorts of older US adults (Cardiovascular Health Study CHS, age 72±5 years, 1989/1995) and young Portuguese adults (Porto, age 19±2 years, 2008/2010), we assessed habitual TFA intake by food frequency questionnaires in CHS (separately estimating trans-18:1 and trans-18:2) and multiple 24-hour recalls in Porto (estimating total TFA only, which in a subset correlated with circulating trans-18:2 but not trans-18:1, suggesting that we captured the former). HRV was assessed using 24-hour Holters in CHS (n=1076) and repeated short-term (5-minute) ECGs in Porto (n=160). We used multivariate-adjusted linear regression to relate TFA consumption to HRV cross-sectionally (CHS, Porto) and longitudinally (CHS). In CHS, higher trans-18:2 consumption was associated with lower 24-hour SD of all normal-to-normal intervals both cross-sectionally (−12%; 95% CI, –19% to –6%; P=0.001) and longitudinally (−15%; 95% CI, –25% to –4%; P= 0.009) and lower 24-hour SD of 5-minute average N-N intervals and mean of the 5-minute SD of N-N intervals calculated over 24 hours (P<0.05 each). Higher trans-18:1 consumption in CHS was associated with more favorable 24-hour HRV in particular time-domain indices (24-hour SD of all normal-to-normal intervals, SD of 5-minute average N-N intervals, mean of the 5-minute SD of N-N intervals calculated over 24 hours; P<0.05 each). In Porto, each higher SD TFA consumption was associated with 4% lower 5-minute 24-hour SD of all normal-to-normal intervals (95% CI, –8% to –1%; P=0.04) and 7% lower 5-minute square root of the mean of the squares of successive N-N differences (95% CI, –13% to –1%; P=0.04).
CONCLUSIONS—Trans-18:2 consumption is associated with specific, less favorable indices of HRV in both older and young adults. Trans-18:1 consumption is associated with more favorable HRV indices in older adults. Our results support the need to investigate potential HRV-related mechanisms, whereby trans-18:2 may increase arrhythmic risk.
The number of hemodialysis patients has progressively increased in Japan. Among the orthopedic complications in this population, chronic hip arthropathy associated with long-term hemodialysis is one ...of the most devastating problems. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is often indicated. However, varying results have been reported for THA in these patients. This study was undertaken to assess the risk-benefit ratio of THA performed in patients with dialysis hip arthropathy.
We evaluated 17 patients (19 hips) with dialysis hip arthropathy who underwent THA. The duration of hemodialysis before surgery ranged from 10 to 27 years. Histological examination of the tissue samples revealed accumulation of amyloid deposits in all cases. Three patients died within 2 years after operation; the remaining 14 patients (16 hips) were followed for a minimum of 3 years.
The cumulative survival rate of the prostheses in these 16 hips up to the latest follow-up was 94%. Regarding surgery-related complications, deep infection occurred in one hip, and revision THA was required in one patient with recurrent dislocation and aseptic loosening.
THA for dialysis hip arthropathy in long-term hemodialysis patients is associated with substantial local and general risks. Despite the substantial risk, THA for this patient population seems to afford reasonably satisfactory results.
The new diagnostic threshold of hemoglobin A1c was made based on evidence from cross-sectional studies, and no longitudinal study supports its validity. To examine whether hemoglobin A1c of 6.5% or ...higher defines a threshold for elevated risk of incident retinopathy, we analyzed longitudinal data of 19,897 Japanese adults who underwent a health checkup in 2006 and were followed up 3 years later. We used logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models to examine the relationship between baseline hemoglobin A1c levels and the prevalence and the 3-year incidence of retinopathy. The restricted cubic spline model indicated a possible threshold for the risk of incident retinopathy at hemoglobin A1c levels of 6.0–7.0%. Logistic regression analysis found that individuals with hemoglobin A1c levels of 6.5–6.9% were at significantly higher risk of developing retinopathy at 3 years compared with those with hemoglobin A1c levels of 5.0–5.4% (adjusted odds ratio, 2.35 95% CI 1.08–5.11). Those with hemoglobin A1c levels between 5.5 and 6.4% exhibited no evidence of elevated risks. We did not observe a threshold in the analysis of prevalent retinopathy. Our longitudinal results support the validity of the new hemoglobin A1c threshold of 6.5% or higher for diagnosing diabetes.
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the dorsomedial and ventromedial regions of the olfactory epithelium (OE) are distinguished from one another based on their molecular expression patterns. ...This difference is reflected in the separation of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb (OB) into dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions. However, it is unclear whether a complementary separation is also evident in the projection neurons that innervate the OB glomeruli. In this study, we compared the development of the OB between different regions by focusing on the transcription factor, Tbx21, which is expressed by mitral and tufted cells in the mature OB. Examining the OB at different developmental ages, we found that Tbx21 expression commenced in the anteromedial region called the tongue‐shaped area, followed by the dorsomedial and then ventrolateral areas. We also showed that the tongue‐shaped area was innervated by the OSNs located in the most dorsomedial part of the ventrolateral OE, the V‐zone:DM. Interestingly, the generation of OSNs occurred first in the dorsomedial zone including the V‐zone:DM, suggesting a correlation between the time course of OSN generation in the OE and Tbx21 expression in their target region of the OB. In contrast, expression of vGluT1, which is also found in all mitral cells in the mature OB, was first detected in the ventrolateral region during development. Our findings demonstrate that the development of projection neurons occurs in a compartmentalized manner in the OB; tongue‐shaped, dorsomedial, and ventrolateral areas, and that not all projection neurons follow the same developmental pathway.
Examining the mouse olfactory bulb at different developmental ages, we found that Tbx21 expression commenced in the anteromedial region called the tongue‐shaped area, followed by the dorsomedial and then ventrolateral areas. In contrast, expression of vGluT1 was first detected in the ventrolateral region during development. Our findings demonstrate that the development of projection neurons occurs in a compartmentalized manner in the olfactory bulb and that not all projection neurons follow the same developmental pathway.
Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity indicators among Brazilian adults and adolescents. Methods We ...used cross-sectional data on 30,243 individuals aged ≥ 10 years from the 2008–2009 Brazilian Dietary Survey. Food consumption data were collected through 24-h food records. We classified food items according to characteristics of food processing. Ultra-processed foods were defined as formulations made by the food industry mostly from substances extracted from foods or obtained with the further processing of constituents of foods or through chemical synthesis, with little if any whole food. Examples included candies, cookies, sugar-sweetened beverages, and ready-to-eat dishes. Regression models were fitted to evaluate the association of the consumption of ultra-processed foods (% of energy intake) with body-mass-index, excess weight, and obesity status, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, smoking, and physical activity. Results Ultra-processed foods represented 30% of the total energy intake. Those in the highest quintile of consumption of ultra-processed foods had significantly higher body-mass-index (0.94 kg/m2 ; 95% CI: 0.42,1.47) and higher odds of being obese (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.26,3.12) and excess weight (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 0.95,1.69) compared with those in the lowest quintile of consumption. Conclusion Our findings support the role of ultra-processed foods in the obesity epidemic in Brazil.
On the gene-nutrient analyses of Cahill et al Imamura, Fumiaki
The American journal of clinical nutrition,
April 2010, 2010-Apr, 2010-04-00, 20100401, Letnik:
91, Številka:
4
Journal Article
The consumption of some types of dairy products has been associated with lower cardiometabolic disease incidence. Knowledge remains limited about habitual dairy consumption and the pathways to ...cardiometabolic risk.
We aimed to investigate associations of habitual consumption of total and types of dairy products with markers of metabolic risk and adiposity among adults in the United Kingdom.
We examined associations of changes in dairy consumption (assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire) with parallel changes in cardiometabolic markers using multiple linear regression among 15,612 adults aged 40–78 y at baseline (1993–1997) and followed up over 1998–2000 (mean ± SD: 3.7±0.7 y) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Norfolk study.
For adiposity, an increase in fermented dairy products yogurt (total or low-fat) or low-fat cheese consumption was associated with a lower increase in body weight and body mass index (BMI). For example, over 3.7 y, increasing yogurt consumption by 1 serving/d was associated with a smaller increase in body weight by 0.23 kg (95% CI: −0.46, −0.01 kg). An increase in full-fat milk, high-fat cheese, and total high-fat dairy was associated with greater increases in body weight and BMI e.g., for high-fat dairy: β = 0.13 (0.05, 0.21) kg and 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) kg/m2, respectively. For lipids, an increase in milk (total and low-fat) or yogurt consumption was positively associated with HDL cholesterol. An increase in total low-fat dairy was negatively associated with LDL cholesterol (−0.03 mmol/L; −0.05, −0.01 mmol/L), whereas high-fat dairy (total, butter, and high-fat cheese) consumption was positively associated e.g., 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) mmol/L for total high-fat dairy. For glycemia, increasing full-fat milk consumption was associated with a higher increase in glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.027).
The habitual consumption of different dairy subtypes may differently influence cardiometabolic risk through adiposity and lipid pathways.
Background: Accurate data on dietary habits are crucial for understanding impacts on disease and informing policy priorities. Nation-specific food balance sheets from the United Nations FAO provided ...the only available global dietary estimates but with uncertain validity. Objectives: We investigated how FAO estimates compared with nationally representative, individual-based dietary surveys from the Global Dietary Database (GDD) and developed calibration equations to improve the validity of FAO data to estimate dietary intakes. Design: FAO estimates were matched to GDD data for 113 countries across the following 9 major dietary metrics for 30 y of data (1980–2009): fruit, vegetables, beans and legumes, nuts and seeds, whole grains, red and processed meats, fish and seafood, milk, and total energy. Both absolute and percentage differences in FAO and GDD mean estimates were evaluated. Linear regression was used to evaluate whether FAO estimates predicted GDD dietary intakes and whether this prediction varied according to age, sex, region, and time. Calibration equations were developed to adjust FAO estimates to approximate national dietary surveys validated by using randomly split data sets. Results: For most food groups, FAO estimates substantially overestimated individual-based dietary intakes by 74.5% (vegetables) and 270% (whole grains) while underestimating beans and legumes (−50%) and nuts and seeds (−29%) (P < 0.05 for each). In multivariate regressions, these overestimations and underestimations for each dietary factor further varied by age, sex, region, and time (P < 0.001 for each). Split–data set calibration models, which accounted for country-level covariates and other sources of heterogeneity, effectively adjusted FAO estimates to approximate estimates from national survey data (r = 0.47–0.80) with small SEs of prediction (generally 1–5 g/d). Conclusions: For all food groups and total energy, FAO estimates substantially exceeded or underestimated individual-based national surveys of individual intakes with significant variation depending on age, sex, region, and time. Calibration models effectively adjusted the comprehensive, widely accessible FAO data to facilitate a more-accurate estimation of individual-level dietary intakes nationally and by age and sex.
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