Bioethanol production from xylose is important for utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as raw materials. The research on yeast conversion of xylose to ethanol has been intensively studied ...especially for genetically engineered
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
during the last 20 years.
S
.
cerevisiae
, which is a very safe microorganism that plays a traditional and major role in industrial bioethanol production, has several advantages due to its high ethanol productivity, as well as its high ethanol and inhibitor tolerance. However, this yeast cannot ferment xylose, which is the dominant pentose sugar in hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass. A number of different strategies have been applied to engineer yeasts capable of efficiently producing ethanol from xylose, including the introduction of initial xylose metabolism and xylose transport, changing the intracellular redox balance, and overexpression of xylulokinase and pentose phosphate pathways. In this review, recent progress with regard to these studies is discussed, focusing particularly on xylose-fermenting strains of
S
.
cerevisiae
. Recent studies using several promising approaches such as host strain selection and adaptation to obtain further improved xylose-utilizing
S
.
cerevisiae
are also addressed.
An 80‐year‐old man, who developed multiple lymph node and skin metastasis of malignant melanoma, received nivolumab monotherapy. Two weeks after the first dose, he experienced anorexia and fatigue, ...and suffered from progressive, severe dyspnea and muscle weakness. We diagnosed him with myocarditis, myositis, and myasthenic crisis induced by nivolumab. We commenced steroid therapy, immune absorption therapy, plasma exchange therapy, and i.v. immunoglobulin therapy, and succeeded in saving his life. Because his serum level of anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibodies in a sample collected before nivolumab treatment were positive and were elevated significantly after nivolumab, we suspected that nivolumab triggered a severe autoimmune response, which progressed subclinical myasthenia gravis to myasthenic crisis. We carried out T cell receptor repertoire analysis using next‐generation sequencing technologies and identified infiltration of clonally expanded T cell populations in the skeletal muscle after nivolumab treatment, implying a very strong T cell immune response against muscular cells. To avoid severe immune‐related adverse events, the exclusion of patients with subclinical autoimmune disease is very important for treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Myasthenic crisis and polymyositis were induced by one dose of nivolumab. We performed T cell receptor repertoire analysis using the next‐generation sequencing technologies and identified infiltration of clonally expanded T cell populations in the skeletal muscle tissue after the nivolumab treatment, implying the very strong T cell immune response against muscular cells
The modern automobile is a complex piece of technology that uses the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus system as a central system for managing the communication between the electronic control units ...(ECUs). Despite its central importance, the CAN bus system does not support authentication and authorization mechanisms, i.e., CAN messages are broadcast without basic security features. As a result, it is easy for attackers to launch attacks at the CAN bus network system. Attackers can compromise the CAN bus system in several ways including Denial of Service (DoS), Fuzzing and Spoofing attacks. It is imperative to devise methodologies to protect modern cars against the aforementioned attacks. In this paper, we propose a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and mitigate the CAN bus network attacks. We generate our own dataset by first extracting attack-free data from our experimental car and by injecting attacks into the latter and collecting the dataset. We use the dataset for testing and training our model. With our selected hyper-parameter values, our results demonstrate that our classifier is efficient in detecting the CAN bus network attacks, we achieved an overall detection accuracy of 99.995%. We also compare the proposed LSTM method with the Survival Analysis for automobile IDS dataset which is developed by the Hacking and Countermeasure Research Lab, Korea. Our proposed LSTM model achieves a higher detection rate than the Survival Analysis method.
Weyl semimetals host topologically protected surface states, with arced Fermi surface contours that are predicted to propagate through the bulk when their momentum matches that of the surface ...projections of the bulk's Weyl nodes. We used spectroscopic mapping with a scanning tunneling microscope to visualize quasiparticle scattering and interference at the surface of the Weyl semimetal TaAs. Our measurements reveal 10 different scattering wave vectors, which can be understood and precisely reproduced with a theory that takes into account the shape, spin texture, and momentum-dependent propagation of the Fermi arc surface states into the bulk. Our findings provide evidence that Weyl nodes act as sinks for electron transport on the surface of these materials.
Abstract
x
La
2
O
3
-(100 −
x
)Ga
2
O
3
binary glasses were synthesized by an aerodynamic levitation technique. The glass-forming region was found to be 20 ≤
x
≤ 57. The refractive indices were ...greater than 1.92 and increased linearly with increasing
x
. The polarizabilities of oxide ions were estimated to be 2.16–2.41 Å
3
, indicating that the glasses were highly ionic. The glasses were transparent over a very wide range from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared region. The widest transparent window among the oxide glasses was from 270 nm to 10 μm at
x
= 55. From the Raman scattering spectra, a decrease in bridging oxide ions and an increase in non-bridging oxide ions were confirmed to occur with increasing La
2
O
3
content. The maximum phonon energy was found to be approximately 650 cm
−1
, being one of the lowest among oxide glasses. These results show that La
2
O
3
-Ga
2
O
3
binary glasses should be promising host materials for optical applications such as lenses, windows, and filters over a very wide wavelength range.
To evaluate the capability of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (h-iPS-HEP) in drug metabolism, the profiles of the metabolites of fentanyl, a powerful synthetic opioid, and ...acetylfentanyl, an N-acetyl analog of fentanyl, in the cells were determined and analyzed. Commercially available h-iPS-HEP were incubated with fentanyl or acetylfentanyl for 24 or 48 h. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the medium was deproteinized with acetonitrile, then analyzed by LC/MS. Desphenethylated metabolites and some hydroxylated metabolites, including 4′-hydroxy-fentanyl and β-hydroxy-fentanyl, were detected as metabolites of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in the medium. The main metabolite of fentanyl with h-iPS-HEP was the desphenethylated metabolite, which was in agreement with in vivo results. These results suggest that h-iPS-HEP may be useful as a tool for investigating drug metabolism.
The metabolism of butyrylfentanyl, a new designer drug, was investigated using fresh human hepatocytes isolated from a liver-humanized mouse model. In the culture medium of hepatocytes incubated with ...butyrylfentanyl, the desphenethylated metabolite (nor-butyrylfentanyl), ω-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl, (ω-1)-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl, 4′-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl, β-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-butyrylfentanyl, and ω-carboxy-fentanyl were identified as the metabolites of butyrylfentanyl. Each metabolite was definitively identified by comparing the analytical data with those of authentic standards. The amount of the main metabolite, nor-butyrylfentanyl, reached 37% of the initial amount of butyrylfentanyl at 48 h. ω-Hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl and (ω-1)-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl, formed by hydroxylation at the N-butyryl group of butyrylfentanyl, were the second and third largest metabolites, respectively. The majority of 4′-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl and 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-butyrylfentanyl was considered to be conjugated. CYP reaction phenotyping for butyrylfentanyl using human liver microsomes and various anti-CYP antibodies revealed that CYP3A4 was involved in the formation of nor-butyrylfentanyl, (ω-1)-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl, and β-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl. In contrast, CYP2D6 was involved in the formation of ω-hydroxy-butyrylfentanyl.
Obtaining "hard" and "crack-resistant" glasses have always been of great important in glass science and glass technology. However, in most commercial glasses both properties are not compatible. In ...this work, colorless and transparent xAl2O3-(100-x)SiO2 glasses (30 ≤ x ≤ 60) were fabricated by the aerodynamic levitation technique. The elastic moduli and Vickers hardness monotonically increased with an increase in the atomic packing density as the Al2O3 content increased. Although a higher atomic packing density generally enhances crack formation in conventional oxide glasses, the indentation cracking resistance increased by approximately seven times with an increase in atomic packing density in binary Al2O3-SiO2 glasses. In particular, the composition of 60Al2O3 • 40SiO2 glass, which is identical to that of mullite, has extraordinary high cracking resistance with high elastic moduli and Vickers hardness. The results indicate that there exist aluminosilicate compositions that can produce hard and damage-tolerant glasses.
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