Abstract
Steganography is the practice of hiding information in the code that makes up digital files and preventing unwanted people from knowing the existence of hidden information. High-capacity ...steganography techniques have been successfully performed using LSB with binary addition method, but the quality can be improved using LSB with modified binary addition. By using binary addition, message insertion can be done with two bits at once in one insertion process. For six examples of images, the message insertion process is carried out using the binary addition method and modified binary addition method with the use of 100% capacity or using all pixel values of the image. Then the SSIM, MSE, and PSNR values are calculated from each test result. This study shows that the modified binary addition method has better quality than the binary addition method. The test results show that the binary addition method produces average SSIM, MSE, and PSNR values respectively 0.971743, 9.711678, and 38.26588. Meanwhile, modified binary addition resulted in the values of 0.993287, 2.112745, and 44.88844. These results indicate that the modified binary addition method produces better quality than binary addition while maintaining high message capacity.
Background
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and foliaceus (PF) as the two major histological subtypes. Associations with HLA molecules have been suggested, ...but specific HLA risk variants as well as non‐HLA risk variants remain to be discovered.
Methods
We performed a two‐stage genome‐wide association study in the Chinese Han population through a genome‐wide discovery analysis and follow‐up validation analysis in a total number of 210 PV, 159 PF and 2493 healthy controls. HLA imputation as well as high coverage next generation sequencing based HLA genotyping was employed to investigate the association of classical HLA alleles and amino acid change.
Results
We have discovered independent novel associations with PF at rs2178077 on 12q24.33, located next to RAN (PPF = 1.57 × 10−9) and rs3888722 within the MHC region (P = 6.73 × 10−9). For the HLA variants, we confirmed independent genome‐wide level risk associations in HLA‐DQB1 and HLA‐DRB1, with DQB1*05:03 to be the strongest association with PV (P = 8.59 × 10−68, OR = 31.16) and PF (P = 4.84 × 10−17, OR = 5.64). In addition, DRB1*14 was demonstrated to be a second independent variants (P = 4.2 × 10−63, OR = 35.47) for PV, while DRB1*04:06 was demonstrated to be the second independent signal (P = 7.44 × 10−13, OR = 5.58) for PF.
Conclusions
These findings advance our understanding of the genetic basis of pemphigus susceptibility and may offer opportunities for risk prediction and preventive treatment for pemphigus, in particular for PV.
In the context of 21st century learning, lecturers encounter complex challenges in optimizing learning processes and outcomes. The previous research reports that teaching method is considered as the ...right solution to overcome that problem. This quasi-experimental research aims to: (1) explore the difference between Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) and Problem Solving Skills (PSS) among preservice elementary teachers taught by using POGIL and traditional lecture, and (2) analyze the correlational strength between CTS and PSS. Both groups were chosen by using cluster random sampling. This research was conducted at the Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, Indonesia, involving 48 participants in the academic year 2017/2018. The CTS Essay Test was adapted from Ennis (2011) and the PSS Essay Test was adapted from Polya (1957), face validity was conducted by the experts, and obtained reliability coefficient of 0.88 and 0.89 respectively. The data were analyzed by using Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rho correlation at the significance level of 0.05. The results show that: (1) there is a significant difference in CTS and PSS among experimental and control groups in favour of experimental group students, and (2) there is a high positive and significant correlation between both dependent variables. We recommend that lecturers need to improve students' higher-order thinking skills by using POGIL.
Abstract
The Jawara Field in Jember Regency is a location where it is indicated that there are precious metal deposits in the form of porphyry type Gold and Copper. In this study, the focus is more ...on the search for metal mineral deposits related to the elements of Gold (Au) and Copper (Cu), namely the metal mineral chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) as the main carrier minerals for Au, Cu, Ag, as impurities. The results of alteration products in the form of weathered minerals are also the focus of research. The analysis used to detect metallic element content and the presence of metallic and non-metallic minerals is by petrographic analysis, mineragraphy analysis, sediment grain analysis and geochemical analysis. Based on the results of the mineragraphy analysis, it was proven that the metal mineral chalcopyrite was found in the JAFA 6 BPS sample which is a carrier mineral for the metallic copper element and silver was also found in JAFA 2 ALT. In addition, the results of the sediment grain analysis also found metal mineral grains and metal elements, namely copper and iron elements in all JAFA samples. The results of petrographic analysis show that the weathered minerals in the form of kaolinite, alunite, and smectite are products of hydrothermal alteration activities. Based on these results, the research area is divided into 3 alteration zones, namely potassic, propylitic, and argillic alteration zones. The results of the geochemical analysis showed that the highest levels of copper were found in JAFA 5 as much as 13.9 ppm and the highest levels of iron in JAFA 6 were 390.8 ppm. From the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that it is true that there are metal mineral deposits and metal elements in the form of sediment grains and porphyry-type Au and Cu elements.
This study aims to report the development an instrument that is standardized (reviewed by validity, reliability, and difficulty index) to detect science misconception in an elementary school teacher. ...This study used a 4-D model; defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. First, it was prepared with 47 opened-ended questions, and then it was validated by two experts (Physics and Biology) to find out content validity value and inter-rater reliability. The next stage was arranged an empirical test to 103 elementary school teachers in Surakarta, Indonesia by stratified purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using content validity formula, a measure of Agreement Kappa, Pearson's Correlation, Cronbach's alpha, and difficulty index. The result of this study indicated that there were 22 valid items. It can be concluded that this instrument is worthy to be used to detect the science misconception of an elementary school teacher.
Dapsone is an important medication for the treatment of leprosy, but a life-threatening drug hypersensitivity syndrome develops in some patients. In this report from China, an
HLA-B
locus is ...identified as a strong genetic risk factor for the syndrome.
Dapsone (4-4′-sulfonyldianiline), which was first synthesized in 1908,
1
is both an antibiotic and an antiinflammatory agent. Dapsone alone or in combination with other drugs has been used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases (e.g., leprosy, malaria, and actinomycetoma, as well as
Pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia in persons with human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection) and chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils or eosinophils (e.g., dermatitis herpetiformis, linear IgA dermatosis, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and erythema elevatum diutinum).
2
,
3
About 0.5 to 3.6% of persons treated with dapsone have a drug hypersensitivity syndrome,
3
–
5
which was first described by . . .
Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer shows a higher incidence in women of African ancestry compared to women of European ancestry. In search of common risk alleles for ER-negative breast ...cancer, we combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from women of African ancestry (1,004 ER-negative cases and 2,745 controls) and European ancestry (1,718 ER-negative cases and 3,670 controls), with replication testing conducted in an additional 2,292 ER-negative cases and 16,901 controls of European ancestry. We identified a common risk variant for ER-negative breast cancer at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus on chromosome 5p15 (rs10069690: per-allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.18 per allele, P = 1.0 × 10(-10)). The variant was also significantly associated with triple-negative (ER-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative and human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2)-negative) breast cancer (OR = 1.25, P = 1.1 × 10(-9)), particularly in younger women (<50 years of age) (OR = 1.48, P = 1.9 × 10(-9)). Our results identify a genetic locus associated with estrogen receptor negative breast cancer subtypes in multiple populations.
Summary
In a genome-wide scan, we show that 30 variants in 25 genomic regions are associated with risk of TN breast cancer. Women carrying many of the risk variants may have 4-fold increased risk ...relative to women with few variants.
Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer associated with a unique set of epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of TN breast cancer (stage 1: 1529 TN cases, 3399 controls; stage 2: 2148 cases, 1309 controls) to identify loci that influence TN breast cancer risk. Variants in the 19p13.1 and PTHLH loci showed genome-wide significant associations (P < 5 × 10−
8) in stage 1 and 2 combined. Results also suggested a substantial enrichment of significantly associated variants among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in stage 2. Variants from 25 of 74 known breast cancer susceptibility loci were also associated with risk of TN breast cancer (P < 0.05). Associations with TN breast cancer were confirmed for 10 loci (LGR6, MDM4, CASP8, 2q35, 2p24.1, TERT-rs10069690, ESR1, TOX3, 19p13.1, RALY), and we identified associations with TN breast cancer for 15 additional breast cancer loci (P < 0.05: PEX14, 2q24.1, 2q31.1, ADAM29, EBF1, TCF7L2, 11q13.1, 11q24.3, 12p13.1, PTHLH, NTN4, 12q24, BRCA2, RAD51L1-rs2588809, MKL1). Further, two SNPs independent of previously reported signals in ESR1 rs12525163 odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, P = 4.9 × 10−
4 and 19p13.1 (rs1864112 OR = 0.84, P = 1.8 × 10−
9) were associated with TN breast cancer. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for TN breast cancer based on known breast cancer risk variants showed a 4-fold difference in risk between the highest and lowest PRS quintiles (OR = 4.03, 95% confidence interval 3.46–4.70, P = 4.8 × 10−
69). This translates to an absolute risk for TN breast cancer ranging from 0.8% to 3.4%, suggesting that genetic variation may be used for TN breast cancer risk prediction.
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