...the Child Care Stress Index was specifically devised as an evaluation tool of parental refreshment programs for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 1, Another study highlighted ...the importance of supporting parental mental health and family functioning since parents overburdened by the problematic behaviors of their children with ASD adversely affect the entire family 2. ...the present study aimed to clarify the impact of the recognition and behavior of fathers towards children with DD in view of constructing a larger questionnaire for future cohort studies to shape subsequent father support programs. Attributes of the respondents Participant Job title Experience in medical treatment and family support Qualifications obtained A Welfare support staff 13 years Childcare worker B Welfare support staff 10 years Childcare worker C Welfare support staff 16 years Childcare worker D Welfare support staff 11 years Social worker E DD support manager 15 years Social worker supervisor, special needs teacher, consultation support specialist F DD support manager 31 years Special needs teacher G DD support manager 14 years Special needs teacher H DD support manager 30 years Industrial counselor I DD support manager 18 years Consultation support specialist, job coach J Welfare support staff 20 years Occupational therapist K Welfare support staff 18 years Childcare worker Positive impacts The fathers' behaviors that were determined to have a potential positive impact on family function by means of the interview content analysis as described in the “Methods” section were divided into 4 main categories and 13 sub-categories as described in the “Methods” section (Table 2). Relationships that promote the child’s growth (1) Recognize the child's weaknesses and encourage growth The harder the child works, the more the child can do (2) Praise and acknowledge what the child has done Increased self-confidence (3) Encourage the child's motivation Study harder (4) Share time that the child enjoys Enjoy communication within the family Develop toughness Fathers are admired (model, figure to aspire to) The positive influences of the main categories of "Establish a childcare system in the family" and "Learn about the child’s situation" appeared to contribute to the child being assured of a secure life, social skill development, and better relationships with siblings.
Abstract
Many parents carry exceptional burdens in childcare, especially while raising children with developmental disabilities (DD). Japanese local governments provide considerable support to ...mothers and their families, which indicates that such services are in high demand. However, similar assistance for fathers in the context of children with DD may be lacking. This study evaluated the social support status of fathers raising children with DD towards considering increased paternal support. Multiple-choice questionnaires on support for information (6 items), emotion (7 items), evaluation (3 items), and daily living (3 items) were completed by Japanese fathers (
n
= 85) and mothers (
n
= 101) of children with DD attending rehabilitation facilities. Regarding information support, fathers answered “spouse” as the main provider for all items, which differed significantly from mothers. For emotional support, fathers significantly more frequently received assistance from their workplace and spouse. Daily living support was also significantly more predominant for fathers in the workplace. Evaluation support sources were comparable between the respondent groups, with “spouse” being most frequently answered by fathers. These findings indicate a deficiency in external resources for fathers and support a need to consider increasing non-spouse resources and social support for fathers in raising children with DD.
In connection with our studies on antibacterial compounds in the class of 5-dialkylaminomethylhydantoins against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) strains, ...some molecular modifications were attempted. The antibacterial activities of all of the synthesized hydantoin derivatives were evaluated. Among the hydantoin derivatives designed in this study, C2-symmetrical twin-drug type compound (7) showed the highest level of antibacterial activity against S. aureus strain.
Environmental fate of 58 pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) grouped into 11 therapeutic classes in the three different waters, hospital effluent, sewage treatment plant (STP) and river water, was ...estimated by combination of their quantitative concentration analysis and evaluation of their extent of contribution as loading sources. At the same time, distribution of six classes of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) in the same water samples was estimated by screening of individual PhC-resistant microbes grown on each specific chromogenic medium. The results indicate that 48 PhCs were detected ranged from 1 ng/L (losartan carboxylic acid) to 228 μg/L (acetaminophen sulfate) in hospital effluent, and contribution of the pollution load derived from hospital effluent to STP influent was estimated as 0.1% to 15%. On the other hand, contribution of STP effluent to river water was high, 32% to 60% for antibacterials, antipertensives and X-ray contrast media. In the cases for AMRB, detected numbers of colonies of AMRB in hospital effluent ranged from 29 CFU/mL to 1805 CFU/mL, and the estimated contribution of the AMRB pollution load derived from hospital effluent to STP influent was as low as 0.1% (levofloxacin and olmesartan) to 5.1% (N-desmethyl tamoxifen). Although the contribution of STPs as loading sources of PhCs and AMRB in surface waters was large, ozonation as an advanced water treatment system effectively removed a wide range of both PhCs and AMRB in water samples. These results suggest the importance of reducing environmental pollutant loads (not only at STPs but also at medical facilities) before being discharged into the surface waters, to both conserve water and keep the water environment safe. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show the distribution and contribution of AMRB from hospital effluent to the surface waters.
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•A year-round monitoring survey of urban hospital effluent in Japan was performed.•58 pharmaceuticals and 6 drug-resistant bacteria in hospital effluent were surveyed.•Drug-resistant bacteria were detected at 29 to 1805 CFU/mL.•The hospital pharmaceutical pollution load of STP influent varied from 0.1% to 15%.•Ozone treatment effectively removed the targeted pollutants.
Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-gas chromatography (THM-GC) using a vertical microfurnace pyrolyzer and a flame ionization detector (FID) was applied to rapid analysis of chemical ...composition for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) components in human serum. Here, the authors used a reactive thermal desorption (RTD) method, where 2 μL of a serum sample was subjected to the THM reaction at 250 °C for 20 s, to detect PUFA components with high selectivity and sensitivity. The resulting chromatograms clearly showed a series of fatty acid methyl esters including PUFAs without any interference peaks derived from the matrix components of the serum samples. Furthermore, the observed chemical composition and n-6 / n-3 ratio for PUFA components were in good agreement with those obtained by a conventional analytical technique involving solvent extraction and transmethylation.
•Reactive thermal desorption (RTD) enabled selective detection of PUFAs.•N-6 / n-3 PUFA ratios were analyzed rapidly and conveniently.•Only 2 μL of a human serum sample was enough to be analyzed.•Tedious and time-consuming sample pretreatments were not required.
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is an enzyme catabolizing tryptophan (Trp) into the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. The purpose of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of Trp ...catabolism in newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients. We quantified serum Trp and Kyn in 52 HL patients, and analyzed their associations with different clinical parameters including serum soluble CD30 concentration. The IDO expression was evaluated in the patients’ affected lymph nodes. The cohort comprised 22 male and 30 female patients (age range, 15‐81 years; median, 45 years), with a 5‐year overall survival (OS) of 88.6%. The OS was significantly shorter for patients with a high Kyn/Trp ratio (OS at 5 years, 60.0% vs 92.2%), for those with stage IV disease, and for those with lymphocytopenia (<600/mm3 and/or <8% white blood cell count). The latter two parameters are components of the international prognostic score for advanced HL. In contrast, there were no significant differences in OS according to age, serum albumin, hemoglobin, sex, white blood cell count, or serum soluble CD30 (≥ or <285.6 ng/mL). Multivariate analysis using the three variables stage, lymphocytopenia, and serum Kyn/Trp ratio showed that only the latter significantly affected OS. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 was produced by macrophages/dendritic cells, but not by HL tumor cells, and IDO levels determined by immunohistochemistry had a significant positive correlation with the serum Kyn/Trp ratio. In conclusion, quantification of serum Kyn and Trp is useful for predicting prognosis of individual HL patients.
A high serum Kyn/Trp ratio was a significant detrimental prognostic factor in Hodgkin Lymphoma. Measurement of serum Kyn and Trp concentrations will be useful for predicting prognosis of the individual Hodgkin Lymphoma patient. Hodgkin Lymphoma, especially in patients with a high serum Kyn/Trp ratio, is an appropriate disease for testing these novel cancer immunotherapies targeting IDO.
We evaluated the environmental fate of new three anti-influenza drugs, favipiravir (FAV), peramivir (PER), and laninamivir (LAN), and an active prodrug of LAN, laninamivir octanoate (LANO), in ...comparison with four conventional drugs, oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), amantadine (AMN), and zanamivir (ZAN) by photodegradation, biodegradation, and sorption to river sediments. In addition, we conducted 9-month survey of urban rivers in the Yodo River basin from 2015 to 2016 (including the influenza season) to investigate the current status of occurrence of these drugs in the river environment.
The results clearly showed that FAV and LAN rapidly disappeared through photodegradation (half-lives 1 and 8 h, respectively), followed by LANO which gradually disappeared through biodegradation (half-life, 2 days). The remained PER and conventional drugs were, however, persistent and transported from upstream to downstream sites. Rates of their sorption to river sediments were negligibly small. Detected levels remained were in the range from N.D. to 89 ng/L for the river waters and from N.D. to 906 ng/L in sewage effluent. However, all of the remained drugs were effectively removed by ozonation after chlorination at a sewage treatment plant.
These findings suggest the importance of introducing ozonation for reduction of pollution loads in rivers, helping to keep river environments safe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the removal effects of natural sunlight, biodegradation, and sorption to river sediments on FAV, PER, LAN, LANO, and a conventional drug, AMN.
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•Environmental fate of new three anti-influenza drugs and one prodrug was evaluated.•Photolysis, biodegradation, and sorption experiments were conducted.•Nine-month monitoring survey of urban rivers in Japan was investigated.•Favipiravir and Laninamivir were rapidly removed through photodegradation.•Ozone treatment of sewage was effective for removal of anti-influenza drugs.
Herein, we evaluate the photostability of pranoprofen (PP) tablets (NIFLAN® 75 mg), its powdered and suspended forms. PP is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid family of NSAIDs. The content of the ...active compound was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an ODS column with ultraviolet light (UV) detector. The residual amount of PP in the powder was 86.5%, which was comparable to that of in the suspension (85.4%) after UV irradiation for 24 hr. Further UV irradiation (total irradiation time of 7 days) resulted in the significant photodegradation of PP in the suspension (residual amount: 55.5%), compared to that of 1 day irradiation. However, the residual amount of PP in the powder was 78.6% after 7 days irradiation as the same to that of 1 day irradiation. To identify the chemical structure of five photoproducts generated from the UV-irradiated PP dosage forms, electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS/MS) analysis was performed. From these results, photodegradation of PP was observed through changing dosage forms. This is the first report evaluating the generation of PP photoproducts induced by the UV irradiation in the formulation.
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