Atlantic cod trypsin I is a highly active cold-adapted protease. This study aimed at further characterization of this enzyme with respect to kinetic parameters, sites of autolysis and stability. For ...that purpose, trypsin I was purified by anion exchange chromatography. Its purity and identity was verified by SDS-PAGE analysis and mass spectrometry. Concomitantly, another cod trypsin isozyme, trypsin X, previously only described from its cDNA sequence was detected in a separate peak from the ion exchange chromatogram. There was a stepwise increase in the catalytic efficiency (
k
cat/
K
m) of cod trypsin I obtained with substrates containing one to three amino acid residues. As expected, the activity of trypsin I was maintained for longer periods of time at 15
°C than at higher temperatures. The residues of the trypsin I molecule most sensitive to autolysis were identified using Edman degradation. Eleven autolytic cleavage sites were detected within the trypsin I molecule. Unfolding experiments demonstrated that autolysis is a contributing factor in the stability of trypsin I. In addition, the data shows that cod trypsin I is less stable towards thermal unfolding than its mesophilic bovine analogue.
•Detailed and complete building-to-building loss data used in the study.•In total 4800 residential buildings exposed to two Mw6.5 earthquakes.•Both near fault and far field data included.•No ...buildings collapsed and there was no loss of life.•Novel seismic vulnerability model presented based on zero-inflated beta regression.
In June 2000 two shallow, strike slip, Mw6.5 earthquakes occurred in the middle of the largest agricultural region in Iceland. The epicentres were close to small towns and villages and almost 5000 residential buildings were affected. A great deal of damage occurred but no residential buildings collapsed and there was no loss of life. Insurance against natural disasters is compulsory for all buildings in Iceland and they are all registered in a comprehensive official property database. Therefore, to fulfil insurance claims, a field survey was carried out after the two earthquakes where repair cost was estimated for every damaged building. By combing the loss data with the property database it was possible to establish a complete loss database, where all residential buildings in the affected area were included, both buildings with loss as well as buildings with no-loss. The main aim of the study was to fit a statistical vulnerability model to the data. Due to the high proportion of no-loss buildings in the database (~84%) a new and novel vulnerability model was used based on a zero-inflated beta regression model. The model was fitted to the three main building typologies in the affected region, i.e. low-rise structural wall RC, timber, and masonry buildings. The proposed model can be used to predict the mean and desired prediction limits of the losses for a given intensity level as well as to create fragility functions. All the typologies showed outstanding performance in the two destructive earthquakes, which is important to report, model and learn from.
In May 2008 a shallow Mw6.3 earthquake struck South Iceland with an epicentre close to two small towns. Nearly 5000 low-rise residential buildings were affected. The recorded maximum PGA was 0.88g. A ...great deal of damage occurred, but there was no loss of life. In Iceland all buildings are registered in a detailed official database and insurance against natural disasters is obligatory. As the repair costs for every affected building had to be assessed for insurance purposes this provided an unusual opportunity to review structural performance across the whole population of buildings in the affected area. The estimated repair cost was classified in a number of subcategories covering structural and non-structural damage for five different residential building typologies. Study of these buildings showed that non-structural damage dominated the overall damage. The main monetary damage was cosmetic damage of partition walls and flooring. The structural systems performed quite well and no buildings collapsed.
•Observed Mw6.3 earthquake damage data of 4750 low-rise residential buildings was analysed.•The damage of low-rise RC and timber houses built after 1980 was quite similar.•Strength of the structural system was sufficient to prevent collapse in all cases.•Non-structural damage dominated the overall damage.•Main monetary damages were cosmetic damage of partition walls and flooring.
In June 2000, two earthquakes of Mw6.52 and Mw6.44 occurred with a 4-day interval in the South Iceland seismic zone, and in May 2008, a Mw6.30 earthquake occurred further west in the zone. Their ...epicentres and fault ruptures were close to small towns and farms, and almost 5000 residential buildings were affected in each of these two seismic events. Despite substantial damage, no residential building collapsed and there were no fatalities. Catastrophe insurance of buildings is mandatory in Iceland. Driven by insurance claims, repair cost was estimated for every affected building, and registered in two independent datasets, called hereafter the 2000 and the 2008 dataset. Two complete loss datasets from different size earthquakes, affecting the same building typologies in the same region is rare to find in the literature. Valuable information can be drawn by comparing the losses caused by these events on the housing stock. In this study an advanced empirical vulnerability model based on zero-inflated beta regression was fitted to five building typologies, based on GEM taxonomy, independently for the 2000 dataset and the 2008 dataset. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) was used as intensity measure. The vulnerability model and the fragility curves are substantially different from these two datasets. For a given PGA, the mean losses based on the 2000 dataset was typically roughly twice that based on the 2008 dataset. Such a large difference in losses for similar building types located in the same area indicates that PGA is not alone an adequate intensity measure to predict losses. The study also showed that high code buildings performed better than low code buildings.
•Two loss datasets from two different size seismic events (Mw6.3 and Mw6.5).•Two seismic events affecting the same type of buildings in South Iceland.•No residential buildings collapsed and no fatalities.•Novel empirical vulnerability model based on zero-inflated beta regression.•Effect of status of seismic codes on building performance.
About two-thirds of the population in Iceland lives in the Reykjavik capital area (RCA), which is close to active volcanoes and seismic zones. In the period 1900–2019, a total of 53 earthquakes of ...Mw≥5.0 struck in these zones. The two largest events in the Reykjanes Peninsula, Mw6.36 and Mw6.12, occurred in 1929 and 1968, respectively. Both events were less than 20 km from the outskirts of the RCA. Late in the year 2020, the seismicity on the peninsula greatly increased due to magma intrusion and volcanic activity, which has so far resulted in three eruptions, in 2021, 2022, and 2023, and six earthquakes of Mw≥5.0. Based on historical and geological data, the ongoing activity is probably the initial phase of an active period ahead that could continue for many decades, and has the potential to trigger larger earthquakes like those in 1929 and 1968. Further east, in the South Iceland Seismic Zone, two earthquakes of Mw6.52 and 6.44 struck in June 2000, and in May 2008, a Mw6.31 earthquake occurred. In both cases, around 5000 buildings were affected. Insurance loss data from these events have been used to develop empirical vulnerability models for low-rise buildings. In this study, the loss data are used to calibrate seismic vulnerability models in terms of the source-site distance. For a given magnitude scenario, this provides a simpler representation of seismic vulnerability and is useful for emergency planning and disaster management. These models are also used to compute different types of scenario risk maps for the RCA for a repeat of the 1929 earthquake.
•The three earthquakes occurred in the same region and affected the same building typologies.•In total 9500 buildings were included in the study, both damaged and undamaged.•No buildings collapsed ...and there were no loss of life.•Non-structural damage dominated the overall damage in all cases.•Most of the damage occurred at 0–10km distance from the fault rupture in the three events.
In June 2000 two Mw6.5 earthquakes occurred in South Iceland and in May 2008 an Mw6.3 quake struck in the same area. High PGAs (>0.6g) were registered in all cases. The epicentres were located in an agriculture region and close to small towns and villages. Nearly 9500 residential buildings were affected. A great deal of damage occurred but there was no loss of life. Insurance against natural disasters is obligatory for all buildings in Iceland and they are all registered in a comprehensive property database. Therefore, after each quake a field survey was carried out where damage and repair costs were estimated for every structure. Most of the damage was observed in the near-fault area (0–10km) but at longer distances it was significantly less. The damage in the two Mw6.5 events was considerably greater than in the Mw6.3 event. In all the events a high proportion of buildings were undamaged, even in the near-fault area. The main damage was non-structural, in interior walls and flooring. New buildings built after implementation of seismic codes performed better than those built pre-code.
The common femoral artery is a widely used for access in endovascular interventions. Various complications, such as hematoma, pseudoaneurysm and AV-fistula (AVF), can arise from arterial punctures ...with estimated prevalence between 1-10%. AVF is a rare complication with prevalence <1%. AVF can cause a hemodynamic change in the form of a arteriovenous shunt (AV-shunt). AV-shunts in the groin are usually small and asymptomatic but tend to be symptomatic with larger and persistent AVFs which can present with leg claudication or high outpute heart failure.
It is a challenge to reconstruct the center of rotation (COR) and femoroacetabular offset anatomically in total hip arthroplasty (THA). We addressed the controversy how we manage to preserve the COR ...and femoroacetabular offset with an uncemented total hip prosthesis implanted with free hand technique.
We analyzed a prospective series of 73 patients who underwent primary THA. The series was composed of 40 females and 33 males, mean age 64 years (range, 35-90 years). The reasons for THA were primary osteoarthritis (n=63) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (n=10). Pre- and postoperative X-rays were done in a standardized format for anterior-posterior (AP) radiographs of the pelvis, and digitalized measurements were done using SectraTM. We compared preoperative measurements with the final outcome to determine changes in COR and femoral offset.
We found that 40 patients had their COR and 34 patients had their femoral offset preserved within preoperative 5.0 mm limits. Twenty-three patients had both their values of COR and femoral offset preserved within 5.0 mm limits. While a significant correlation was found between changes of femoral and global offset (r=0.786, P<0.001), there were no correlation between changes of acetabular and femoral offset (r=-0.027, P=0.822).
Using an uncemented THA and free hand technique, there is a fair reproducibility of anatomy. The variations were mostly minor, but our results indicate a potential for better restoring the location of COR and femoral offset when planning and implanting an uncemented THA.
In June 2000, two Mw6.5 earthquakes occurred within a 4-day interval in the largest agricultural region of Iceland causing substantial damage and no loss of life. The distance between the earthquake ...epicentres and the fault rupture was approximately 15 km. Nearly 5000 low-rise residential buildings were affected, some of which were located between the faults and exposed to strong ground motion from both events. The post-earthquakes damage and repair costs for every residential building in the epicentral region were assessed for insurance purposes. The database is detailed and complete for the whole region and represents one of the best quality post-earthquake vulnerability datasets used for seismic loss estimation. Nonetheless, the construction of vulnerability curves from this database is hampered by the fact that the loss values represent the cumulative damage from two sequential earthquakes in some areas, and single earthquakes in others. A novel methodology based on beta regression is proposed here in order to define the geographical limits on areas where buildings sustained cumulative damage and predict the seismic losses for future sequence of events in each area. The results show that the average building loss in areas affected by a single event is below 10% of the building replacement value, whilst this increases to an average of 25% in areas affected by the two earthquakes. The proposed methodology can be used to empirically assess the vulnerability in other areas which experienced sequence of events such as Emilia-Romagna (Italy) in 2012.
PDF
