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•UAE of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) was optimized using RSM.•Optimized conditions of MLE from UAE were 60 °C, 30 min and 60% ethanol condition.•Encapsulation using different coating ...material was studied by spray drying.•Highest encapsulation yield and encapsulation efficiency was found in RMD sample.•The microcapsule prepared by gum arabic showed the highest antioxidant activity.
This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) condition of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using response surface methodology and to microencapsulate MLE by spray drying using different coating materials and ratios of coating material and MLE. The extraction results showed that MLE from condition of 60 °C (X1, temperature), 30 min (X2, time) and 60% v/v (X3, ethanol concentration) exhibited the highest bioactive compound and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assay). Based on this optimal condition, MLE was further encapsulated by spray drying. It was found that MLE encapsulated with resistant maltodextrin at ratio of MLE and resistant maltodextrin 1:1 (w/w) showed the highest encapsulation yield (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%). Water solubility, moisture content and water activity were non-significant (p > 0.05) among the microcapsules. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the types of coating material affected their microstructures and microcapsules prepared by resistant maltodextrin as coating material had a spherical shape, smooth surface and less shrinkage than microcapsules prepared by maltodextrin and gum arabic which had rough surfaces. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from microcapsule prepared by gum arabic at ratio of MLE and gam arabic 1:2 (w/w). In conclusion, optimal condition from UAE and encapsulation by spray drying suggest the critical potential for production of functional food with improved bioactive compound stability and maximized antioxidant activity.
Campylobacter, a leading cause of foodborne diseases, is well recognized worldwide. Poultry and poultry products are considered as major sites for Campylobacter infection in humans. The extensive ...uses of antibiotics mostly as growth promoters and for therapeutic purposes have led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of foodborne pathogens including Campylobacter. A key tenet of this paper is the need for reviewing the previous studies conducted around the globe on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolates in duck to better understand the sources and trends of infection. Based on published data, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in duck and duck-related samples ranged from 0% to 100% and was largely influenced by the isolation method. Among Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni was the predominant cause of campylobacteriosis, followed by C. coli. Campylobacter spp. from ducks were mostly resistant to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline and a lesser extent to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Some studies showed that ducks may pose a risk for acquiring campylobacteriosis because they had genotypes quite similar to human isolates detected previously. A continued monitoring approach is needed, at national and international levels, with enhanced surveillance and reporting of trends, as well as harmonization of surveillance systems toward a one-health approach to monitoring antimicrobial resistance in animal production particularly if increased resistance rates are being demonstrated.
The theory of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy sets (SLDFS) boasts several advantages over existing fuzzy set (FS) theories such as Picture fuzzy sets (PFS), spherical fuzzy sets (SFS), and ...T-spherical fuzzy sets (T-SFS). Notably, SLDFS offers a significantly larger portrayal space for acceptable triplets, enabling it to encompass a wider range of ambiguous and uncertain knowledge data sets. This paper delves into the regularity of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy graphs (SLDFGs), establishing their fundamental concepts. We provide a geometrical interpretation of SLDFGs within a spherical context and define the operations of complement, union, and join, accompanied by illustrative examples. Additionally, we introduce the novel concept of a spherical linear Diophantine isomorphic fuzzy graph and showcase its application through a social network scenario. Furthermore, we explore how this amplified depiction space can be utilized for the study of various graph theoretical topics.
After about 20 months of arduous negotiations, Iran, the P5+1, and the EU signed
the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in July 2015, ending one of
the gravest concerns of the region and the ...world – the development of Iranian
nuclear weapons. Initially, under the Obama administration, the parties praised
the deal as a win-win solution. Now, under the Trump administration, the deal
looks fragile as the president has threatened to unilaterally withdraw the US from
the agreement. This has created an atmosphere of uncertainty and doubt about the
future of the Middle East. Thus, this paper examines the probable consequences of
a US withdrawal from the JCPOA and its impact on regional order and security.
Linear Diophantine fuzzy set (LDFS) theory expands Intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and Pythagorean fuzzy set (PyFS) theories, widening the space of vague and uncertain information via reference ...parameters owing to its magnificent feature of a broad depiction area for permissible doublets. We codify the shortest path (SP) problem for linear Diophantine fuzzy graphs. Linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers (LDFNs) are used to represent the weights associated with arcs. The main goal of the presented work is to create a solution technique for directed network graphs by introducing linear Diophantine fuzzy (LDF) optimality constraints. The weights of distinct routes are calculated using an improved score function (SF) with the arc values represented by LDFNs. The conventional Dijkstra method is further modified to find the arc weights of the linear Diophantine fuzzy shortest path (LDFSP) and coterminal LDFSP based on these enhanced score functions and optimality requirements. A comparative analysis was carried out with the current approaches demonstrating the benefits of the new algorithm. Finally, to validate the possible use of the proposed technique, a small-sized telecommunication network is presented.
The objectives of this research were to study the changes of phenolic compounds in vegetable (yellow VS green) tablets with/without probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR5) supplementation by ...using high performance liquid chromatography and probiotic survivability through the simulated gastrointestinal tract. The green vegetable tablets with/without probiotics had a greater (p ≤ 0.05) phenolic content compared to the yellow ones. There were no significant differences of most phenolic compound contents between probiotic-supplemented vegetable tablets and non-probiotic supplemented ones (p > 0.05). The contents of ferulic acid, epicatechin, tannic acid and rutin for both vegetable tablets tended to decrease through passing the stomach (1 and 2 h) and small intestine (2 and 4 h), however, the content of catechin in the yellow vegetable tablets tended to increase. The results also showed that the survival of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR5 slightly decreased through the simulated gastrointestinal tract. The vibrations from FTIR appeared in the wave length of 4000-3100, 3000-2800 and 1652-1545 cm
, which accounted for the change in the N-H bonds of the amine group, changes in the structure of fatty acids and the change of carbonyl groups, respectively. This work highlighted the opportunity of application of probiotics in food products; especially non-dairy foods for consumer with dairy allergy.
In this paper, the concept of generalized neutrosophic pre-closed sets and generalized neutrosophic pre-open sets are introduced. We also study relations and various properties between the other ...existing neutrosophic open and closed sets. In addition, we discuss some applications of generalized neutrosophic pre-closed sets, namely neutrosophic p T 1 2 space and neutrosophic g p T 1 2 space. The concepts of generalized neutrosophic connected spaces, generalized neutrosophic compact spaces and generalized neutrosophic extremally disconnected spaces are established. Some interesting properties are investigated in addition to giving some examples.
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•Exploration of UAE parameters impact on longan seeds properties.•Identification of varied optimal conditions for extraction.•Development of predictive models for longan seeds ...properties.•Thermodynamic analysis reveals process characteristics.•Insights for efficient extraction processes with industrial applications.
Investigating the extraction of bioactive compounds represents a hopeful direction for maximizing the value of longan fruit byproducts. This study explored the influence of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters—specifically ultrasonic power ratios, temperatures, and exposure times—utilizing water as a green solvent on several properties of the longan seeds extract (LSE). These properties encompassed the energy consumption of the UAE process (EC), extraction yield (EY), total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH). Additionally, the study sought to optimize the conditions of UAE process and examine its thermodynamic properties. A three-level, three-factor full factorial design was utilized to assess the effects of different factors on LSE properties. Results indicated that EC, EY, TPC, TFC, and DPPH were significantly influenced by power ratios, temperatures, and exposure time. Moreover, the proposed models effectively characterized the variations in different properties during the extraction process. The optimized extraction conditions, aimed at minimizing EC while maximizing EY, TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, were demonstrated as an ultrasonic power ratio of 44.4 %, a temperature of 60 °C, and an extraction time of 17.7 min. Optimization led to 563 kJ for EC, 7.85 % for EY, 47.21 mg GAE/mL for TPC, 96.8 mg QE/mL for TFC, and 50.15 % for DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results emphasized that the UAE process exhibited characteristics of endothermicity and spontaneity. The results provide valuable insights that could inform the enhancement of extraction processes, potentially benefiting industrial utilization and pharmaceutical formulations.
In this paper we present an open source framework developed in Python and consisting of three distinct classes designed to manipulate in a simple and intuitive way both symbolic representations of ...neutrosophic sets over universes of various types as well as mappings between them. The capabilities offered by this framework extend and generalize previous attempts to provide software solutions to the manipulation of neutrosophic sets such as those proposed by Salama et al. 21, Saranya et al. 23, El-Ghareeb 7, Topal et al. 29 and Sleem 26. The code is described in detail and many examples and use cases are also provided.
Global warming has turned as a global concern for especially those who engaged in animal agriculture. The use of non-conventional feedstuff (e.g., plants and plant extracts) has also become an ...interesting topic since they are natural products, environmentally friendly and safe in food production. These potential feed additives are rich sources of secondary compounds. The ideal effects of these plant secondary compounds on ruminant would be to reduce methane (CH
4
) production with no negative effect on rumen fermentation characteristics. The aim of the present review was to summarize the related studies from published papers in recent years. Based on published data, plants and plant extracts of various origins have shown to inhibit ruminal CH
4
production (methanogenesis) when fed to ruminants either as forages or as extracts tested in vitro or in vivo. The suppressed methanogenesis was mostly attributed to improving fermentation characteristics (e.g., increase in propionic concentration) as well as antimethanogenic and antiprotozoal activities of these feedstuff. However, it should be noted that the effectiveness of these feed additives depends on the source, type and level at which they are being used. In conclusion, plants and plant extracts seem promising as feed supplements for ruminant nutrition.
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